The Influence of Thematic Learning Implementation on Student Motivation in Public Elementary School 002 Sungai Pinang Samarinda

Thematic learning is learning with a theme to combine several lessons so that it can provide a meaningful experience to students. This study aims to analyze the effect of the implementation of thematic learning on the learning motivation of grade V students at SDN 002 Sungai Pinang Dalam Samarinda in the 2019/2020 learning year. This type of research is ex post facto research, because there is no control over the independent variables. This study consists of two variables, namely the independent variable and one dependent variable. The independent variable is the implementation of thematic learning (X). The dependent variable is student learning motivation (Y). The population of this study were class V students of the 2019/2020 learning year at SDN 002 Sungai Pinang Dalam. The instrument used was a questionnaire. The data analysis techniques were data normality test, homogeneity test, data linearity test and simple linear regression test. Researchers also do not make arrangements or manipulate the independent variables. The results showed that there was a significant influence between the implementation of thematic learning on the learning motivation of grade V students at SDN 002 Sungai Pinang Dalam Samarinda for the 2019/2020 learning year with a moderate determination coefficient value of 0.50 or 50%. From the regression equation Y = 14.774 + 0.759X, it can be seen that the consistency value of the thematic learning implementation variable is 14.774 while the X regression coefficient is 0.759 which states that every 1% of thematic learning (X) implementation will increase student learning motivation by 0.759. The regression coefficient is positive, thus it can be said that the direction of the influence of the thematic learning implementation variable on student learning motivation is positive.

Mushrooms of Swat Pakistan- a Study Based upon Molecular and Morphoanatomical Characterization

This dissertation elucidates first comprehensive attempt on morphological and molecular phylogenetic investigation of mushrooms of district Swat, a floristically rich and diverse Hindu Kush region of Pakistan. District Swat is an area of diverse vegetation and ecosystem types. For exploring mycobiotic diversity of the area field surveys were conducted from 2012–2015 during rainy seasons for collection and documentation of mushrooms. More than 300 fruiting bodies of mushrooms were collected and preserved from the study area. Among the collected mushrooms, 100 samples were subjected to DNA analysis. A total of 63 out of 100 specimens amplified successfully during Polymerase Chain Reaction, while only 46 among the amplified ones yielded editable nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences which were further subjected to morphological and molecular biosystematics studies. Sum of 46 taxa belonging to 26 genera (15 families) are described in this work. Mushroom families like Strophariaceae and Russulaceae owe their leading positions by forming major assemblages of 6 species each in 3 genera and 1 genus, respectively. The Second largest family stands to be Inocybaceae with 5 species in 1 genus, followed by Amanitaceae, Mycenaceae and Tricholomataceae with 4 species each in 1, 2 and 4 genera respectively. Assemblages of 3 species each is revealed by Agaricaceae in 3 genera, Cortinareace in 1 genus and Marasmiaceae in 2 genera each. Hygrophoraceae and Boletaceae are represented by 2 species and 2 genera each, whereas, Bolbitiace, Hymenogastraceae, Pleurotaceae and Auriscalpiaceae are represented by 1 species each. Out of these 2 species viz Xerocomellus fulvus Ahmad and Jabeen 2016 and Inocybe kohistanensis Jabeen and Ahmad 2016 are new to science whereas 21 species viz Amanita aurumana nom. prov., Amanita longiformis nom. prov., Amanita superiora nom. prov., Cortinarius kohistanicus nom. prov., Gymnopus subcampanulatus nom. prov., Hygrocybe decoriae nom. prov., Inocybe Swatica nom. prov., Lentinellus horridus nom. prov., Lepiota granulata nom. prov., Macrocystidia obscurum nom. prov., Mycena bractea nom. prov., Mycena lacerata nom. prov., Phachylepyrium kalamicum nom. prov., Pholiota lanceolata nom. prov., Pholiota manga nom. prov. and Pseudoomphalina conifera nom. prov. Russula kalamica nom. prov., Russula deodara nom. prov., Russula umbra nom. prov., Russula mankialica nom. prov. and Xeromphalina flavens nom. prov., seems previously undescribed. Twenty species are new reports for Swat among which 8 species viz; Cortinarius cistoglaucopus, Cortinarius elegantior, Gymnopus barbipes, Inocybe mimica, Lepista irina Leucocalocybe mongolicum var. perpura, Pholiota gummosa and Russula puellaris are new records for Pakistan. Twelve species viz Amanita flavipes, Boletus reticuloceps, Clitocybe gibba, Conocybe semiglobata var. campanulata, Cyclocybe erebia, Echinoderma asperum, Hebeloma theobrominum, Hygrophorus chrysodon, Inocybe rimosa, Leucocoprinus cretaceous, Pleurotus ostreatus and Russula sichuanensis are already reported from Pakistan, Whereas 3 species viz Inocybe pallida, Mycena pura and Pholiota spumosa are already reported from Swat Pakistan. This first attempt to explore the floristically rich area of District Swat for morphological and molecular phylogenetic assessment of Mushrooms has not only upgraded the existing information/literature regarding the Mushrooms of Pakistan but has also established a standard bench mark for future research endeavors. The existence of 50 % species new to science in the region indicates that more concerted fungal assessment of the diverse floral region like District Swat is compulsory on urgent basis so that the rapidly growing taxonomic knowledge of fungal biodiversity could be boosted locally and globally for its application in food industry and forestry.