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The influence of social networking technologies on female veil-wearing trend in Pakistan: an exploratory study

Thesis Info

Author

Hajira Parvaiz

Supervisor

Amrat Haq

Department

Department of Media and Communication Studies

Program

BS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

41

Subject

Media and Communication Studies

Language

English

Other

BS 303.4833 HAI

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676721864316

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صلاح الدین اویسی

جناب صلاح الدین اویسی مرحوم
جناب غلام محمود بنات والا کی فرقت کا صدمہ ابھی کم نہ ہوا تھا کہ مجلس اتحاد المسلمین کے قائد، فرزند دکن اور سالار ملت، سلطان صلاح الدین اویسی بھی اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، امت ایک اور ہوش مند، جرأت مند اور حوصلہ مند راہبر سے محروم ہوگئی، وہ عرصے سے صاحب فراش تھے، عمر مستعار کم نہ تھی، وقت موعود آیا اور رمضان المبارک کے نہایت مبارک اور آخری عشرے میں یعنی ۲۸؍ رمضان کو وہ اپنے مالک حقیقی کی رحمتوں سے جاملے ، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
قریب ساٹھ ستر سال پہلے جب مجلس اتحاد المسلمین کے بانی نواب بہادر یار جنگ کا ۱۹۴۴؁ء میں انتقال ہوا تھا تو اس وقت مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی نے معارف میں ان کا ماتم کرتے ہوئے لکھا تھا کہ ’’ان کا سا آدمی صدیوں میں پیدا ہوتا ہے اور جب پیدا ہوتا ہے تو انقلاب انگیز ہوتا ہے، ان کی ذات سے امت اسلامیہ کو بڑی بڑی امیدیں قائم تھیں اور خصوصیت کے ساتھ دکن کے مسلمانوں کے حق میں ان کا وجود آب حیات کا حکم رکھتا تھا‘‘۔
۱۹۴۴؁ء اور ۲۰۰۸؁ء کا زمانی فرق، تغیرات احوال کے لحاظ سے زمین آسمان کا فرق ہے لیکن صلاح الدین اویسی مرحوم کی ہستی کے لیے ان الفاظ کی حقیقت میں ذرا فرق نہیں۔
سلطنت آصفیہ اسلامیہ میں مجلس اتحاد المسلمین کا قیام، قومی تخیل اور سیاسی جذبوں کو نئی زندگی دینے کے ساتھ مسلمانوں کی تعلیمی اور معاشرتی ترقی کے لیے ہوا تھا، نصب العین تو ’’وسیع تر، عظیم تر، بیرونی و اندرونی مداخلتوں سے پاک اور کامل آزاد حیدرآباد تھا‘‘ اس وقت اس مجلس کے حوصلوں کو دیکھ کر کہا گیا تھا کہ دکن کے مسلمانوں نے صدیوں کے آرام کے بعد کروٹ لی ہے لیکن چند برسوں کے بعد تد اول...

The Present Day Applications of Initial Muslim-Christian Interactions.

Throughout history, Interfaith Dialogue has been a continuous activity in Muslims and Christians alike. According to the historian, incident of Wafad-e-Najran[i] (Najran’s Delegation) was the first ever regular interaction between Muslims and Christians.  Therefore, this incident has an academic and historic importance in Muslim -Christian perspectives.  The Holy Quran describes this incident in detail. First 80 verses of Surah Ale-Imran were revealed in this context.  Further information is found in the books of Hadith, Seerah and Islamic History. This incident can become a base for modern Muslim- Christian Dialogue and we can derive from it some basic principles of Dialogue. This article elaborates the incident of Wafad-e-Najran, its importance and also derives some important rules from it. These principles are: interfaith tolerance, harmony, communication, understandings, peaceful co-existence, honour and respect, wisdom and beautiful reasoning, common basis for interfaith dialogue, Daw’ah and perfection of Hujjah. This article also describes its applications in the Present Dialogue.   [i] Wafad-e-Najran:   It is an Arabic word, used in Hadith History and other Islamic literature. It is meant by Najran’s Delegation and I shall use throughout the article as Wafad-e-Najran. 

Formulation Development of Controlled Release Lornoxicam Capsules by Microencapsulation Technique and its Invitro and in Vivo Characterization

The purpose of the research was: (a) to prepare controlled release microcapsules by spray drying technique, (b) to characterize the properties of these microcapsules, (c) to perform in-vivo bioequivalence studies of developed microcapsules with marketed formulation, (d) to formulate and evaluate microparticles by modified emulsion solvent evaporation (MESE) technique and finally (e) to develop in-vitro in-vivo correlation for the microparticulate batches with differing release rate characteristics of a potent analgesic drug, Lornoxicam. The study successfully achieved microencapsulation of Lornoxicam by spray drying using blend of Eudragit L100 and HPMC 15cps. Spray drying technique is getting more and more attention in pharmaceutical industry due to its numerous advantages. The microparticles obtained were studied for particle size, morphology, drug loading, incorporation efficiency and in-vitro release. The process involved the mixing of ethanol and acetone with polymers to achieve uniform dispersion. The dissolution of microparticles was undertaken in pH 1.2 (first 2 h) and pH 6.8 (for 22 h). FTIR and DSC studies did not reveal considerable incompatibilities in the spectra of drug loaded microparticles as compared to pure drug. The microparticles were ellipsoidal in shape with surface morphology clearly showing presence of drug particles. The incorporation efficiency increased from 56.48% ± 2.21 to 83.04% ± 1.22 with the increase in the polymer contents. Percent loading was in the range of 20.75% ± 0.2 to 32.75% ± 0.2 and was independent of contents of polymer blend. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in release rate of drug was observed by increasing polymer contents from prepared microcapsule batches without affecting extent of release. Typical sustained release pattern occurred at drug: copolymer ratio of 1:3. Results of kinetic models showed pattern of release data to be best fitted to Peppas and first order using DD solver. The „n‟ value ranged from 0.201 to 0.718, indicating drug release both by diffusion and anomalous mechanisms. To perform in-vivo bioequivalence studies, development of a precise and accurate reverse phase HPLC method was carried out for quantitation of Lornoxicam in human plasma. Subsequently, validation parameters were studied for confirming its reproducibility. Separation of analytes was achieved on Eclipse C-18 column (150×4.6mm, 5µm). The mobile phase consisted of combination of phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 v/v and UV detection was set at 376 nm. The linearity, selectivity, accuracy, precision and stability studies were included in the validation studies. Piroxicam was incorporated as internal standard. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were calculated to be 0.1 µg/ml and 0.3 µg/ml, respectively. Acceptable level of linearity was studied over the range of 0.5-5µg/ml. However, three spiked concentrations (2, 3 and 4 µg/ml) were taken for accuracy and precision studies. The accuracy of Lornoxicam in human plasma was 89.63-100.4 %. After successful quantitation of Lornoxicam in human plasma, the study was aimed at comparing pharmacokinetics of newly formulated controlled release (CR) microparticles with branded immediate release (IR) tablet formulation of Lornoxicam. An open-label, two-period, randomized crossover study was conducted on 24 adult Pakistani male volunteers. After randomization, entitle subjects received single dose of Lornoxicam CR 16 mg capsule (test) and two doses (morning & evening) of Lornoxicam IR 8mg tablets (reference). Administration of formulations was repeated in alternate manner after a washout period of one week. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were measured by Kinetica 5.0 using plasma concentration-time data. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 12.8% lower for CR formulation when compared to IR formulation (270.9 ng/mL vs 339.44 ng/mL, respectively), time taken to attain Cmax (tmax) was 5.25 h versus 2.08 h respectively. Area under the time concentration (AUC) values for both CR and IR formulations were found comparable. The 90% CIs for the ln-transformed ratios of Cmax, AUC0-24, and AUC0-¥ were 87.21%, 108.51%, and 102.74%, respectively and were within pre-defined bioequivalence range (80%-125%). The findings suggested that CR formulation of Lornoxicam did not change the overall pharmacokinetic properties of Lornoxicam in terms of rate and extent of absorption. Both formulations demonstrated good tolerability in enrolled subjects. In the continuation of this research work, the potential of modified emulsion solvent evaporation method (MESE) was effectively utilized to formulate microparticles of Lornoxicam using Eudragit RS 100 and HPMC either alone or in combination. The resulting multiparticulate system was studied for micromeritic properties and drug loading. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were applied to characterize morphology and compatibility. In-vitro drug release was studied by pH change method i.e 0.1 N HCl as dissolution medium for first 2 hours and in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 for 22 hours. The microparticles obtained were yellowish in colour and had good flow properties. In this case, encapsulation efficiencies ranged from 70.52% ± 1.65 to 89.04% ± 1.26. The drug polymer compatibility studies confirmed the stable nature of Lornoxicam in the prepared microspheres. SEM findings showed that the microparticles were round to oval in shape. Dissolution studies showed sustained in-vitro drug release determined by increasing contents of Eudragit RS 100. Highest retardation in drug release occurred at co-polymer ratio of 1:3 in which amount of drug maximally released was 72.92% ± 3.29. The mechanism of drug release was governed by diffusion and anomalous mechanisms as depicted by „n‟ value which varied from 0.331 to 0.595. Of the six microparticulate batches of Lornoxicam fabricated by modified emulsion solvent evaporation method, in-vitro-in-vivo (IVIVC) characterization of four different sustained-release Lornoxicam tabletted microparticles (BF-1, BF-2, BF-4 and BF-6) and control immediate release tablet (Xika Rapid®8 mg, Hilton Pharma) was performed. In vitro characterization included dissolution study, SEM analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. As previously described, a validated method developed by HPLC procedure was used to analyze the results of bioavailability studies conducted on twenty healthy volunteers. After that, level A in vitro-in vivo correlation developed between the percent drug dissolved (in vitro) and the percent drug absorbed (in vivo) data of optimized formulations showed good linear correlation values (R2 = 0.953, 0.9321, 0.9896 for BF4, BF6 and control formulations, respectively) at specific time points. However, BF4 is comparatively closer to the control formulation that shows a reliable prediction of the plasma concentrations obtained following a single dose of lornoxicam controlled release formulation