امام طبری کا تفسیری منہج اور ترجیحات کا تحقیقی مطالعہ

The Jāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āy al-Qurʾān (جامع البیان عن تاویل ای القران) the book of Quranic interpretation is known as Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī. The author Imām Ṭabarī was blessed for being skilled enough in presenting the message of Islam with different methods. The methodology he has chosen to explain the precious hidden beads of Holy Quran is associated with the methodology of tafsir bi-al-ma’thur (تفسیر بالماثور). His presented explanations are completely independent from the reflection of his personal opinions. The statements of the early stages of Islam, the direct transmissions by the Holy prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and his companions were chiefly used to understand the meaning of Holy Quran. The jurisprudence, linguistic, and the philosophic approaches are also referred in his tafsir.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Shape Memory Polyurethanes

Shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) have attracted much attention from academic and industrial researchers due to strong potential in biomedical and consumer applications. Shape memory materials are featured by the ability to remember and recover their original shape from a significant and seemingly deformation when a particular stimulus is applied. The attractive feature is the glass transition temperature which can be tailored for shape restoration. In order to better and more efficiently investigate application possibilities, polyurethane shape memory polymers have been synthesized to correlate structural properties and molecular engineering at required thermal transition by varying structural contributors including nature of diisocyanates, macrodiol and chain extenders. The present work has been divided into three major sections, which have been further divided into sub sections. In the first section shape memory polyurethane were synthesized by step growth polymerization technique varying the molecular weight of PCL and chain extenders. Thermo-mechanical, structural, morphological and shape memory behavior of polyurethane elastomers were analyzed and discussed. The results revealed that by increasing molecular weight of PCL as well as chain extender length, the thermal transitions of soft segments increased, SEM and AFM studies help to confirm phase segregation, also increasing shape memory properties were observed. In the second section optimized %age of glycerin was used to synthesize polyurethane elastomer along with increasing molecular weight of PCL and chain extenders length. DSC, DMTA results showed increasing thermal stability with increasing polyol and chain extender molecular weight. The glycerin based polyurethane showed crystallinity, phase separation and hydrophilic surface in high molecular weight PCL, while increasing HSC exhibited good shape memory behavior. The third section consists of nano filler based polyurethane. All composite showed variable trends, however addition of nano filler showed improvement in the thermo-mechanical as well as shape retention and shape recovery behavior of SMPUs.