عدل اجتماعی کا تصور واہمیت
(تعلیمات نبوی کی روشنی میں)
عدل و انصاف فقط حشر پہ موقوف نہیں
زندگی خود بھی گناہوں کی سزا دیتی ہے
اس کائنات رنگ و بو میں ہر سو عدل و انصاف کا نظام کارفرما ہے۔ کائنات کی ہر چیز نظام عدل کے گردمحو گردش ہے۔ ہر شعبہ زیست عدل و انصاف کے بغیر اپنا وجود قائم رکھنے سے قاصر ہے۔ اگر عدل و انصاف عنقاء ہوجائے تو کارخانہ حیات خزاں آشنا ہو جائے گا۔فصلِ بہار کے عطر بیز جھو نکے بھی اس کی عروق مردہ میں تازہ خون کی روانی کو برقرار نہ رکھ سکیں گے۔ عدل سے مراد معنوی طور پر کسی شے کو اس کے درست مقام پر رکھنا ہے۔ شرعی اصطلاح میں عدل سے مراد لوگوں میں انصاف کرناہے، ان کے حقوق دلوانا ،ظلم کا خاتمہ کرنا، عدل اسلامی تعلیمات میں ایک اہم مقام رکھتا ہے۔ نیز عدل کے معنی ہیں ’’افراط و تفریط سے بچنا‘‘ یعنی کسی شے کا زیادہ ہونا نہ کم ہونا یہ درجہ مقام وسط یعنی درمیانی ہے۔ اگر بنظرِ غائر دیکھا جائے تو دنیا میں جوبھی برائیاں ہیں وہ افراط وتفریط ہی کا نتیجہ ہیں۔ یعنی اجتماعی عدل کے قیام میں جو چیز سد سکندری ثابت ہوتی ہے وہ افراط وتفریط ہے۔ عدل اجتماعی جیسا کہ مفہوم سے ظاہر ہے کہ ایسا عدل جوسب کے لئے ہو، سب کا ہدف ہو، اور سب اس کے حصول کے خواہاں ہوں۔ نیز سب کیلئے ممدّ و معاون ثابت ہو یہ اسلام کا طرہ ٔامتیاز ہے کہ اجتماعی عدل کے حامی اسلام کے ہر سنہری دور میں موجود ر ہے ہیں۔
احادیثِ مبارکہ میں اسوۂ حسنہ سے عدل کی اہمیت کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔ آپصلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلمکے مبارک عہد میں عدل کرنے میں کافر و مسلمان میں کوئی امتیاز نہ رکھا...
Islam is a complete code of life. It has complete instructions regarding all aspects of life. There is no moment in human life when the wisdom of Islam has not benefited humanity. Likewise there is no such area in the world where Islam has not put the light of guidance. Allah Almighty has systematically administered this world system. Allah created the universe and set it disciplined, then created man and gave him every kind of physical, rational, logical and argumintive ability, so that humans can know the secrets of the universe by thinking and understanding it. The journey of research and discovery, which started long ago, is still continues today after passing through different stages of research. This journey of research resulted in evolution of philosophy, civilization, promotion of new scientific innovations and discoveries. The research and discovery resulted in the secrets of heaven and earth. Today, man stands at the stage of science and technology, about which the human being in the older days even could not imagine of it. In this entire evolutionary journey, the religion of Islam is the only religion that not only stood firmly with humans, but guided him at every step during this evolutionary journey. In this context, the Quranic teachings are comprehensive matter. Allamah Sayyuti says "There is no knowledge and problem that is not discussed in the Qur'an. So Islam invites human to research in the system of the universe and presents the system of universe for its authenticity.
Isodon rugosus Wall.ex Benth. is widely employed in folk medicine to cure various types of pain conditions like dental, gastric, abdominal, ear pain and rheumatism. In this thesis, we have explored the analgesic potential of Isodon rugosus, to isolate the active compounds responsible for analgesic activity and to figure out its possible mechanism of action. The bioassay guided isolation was followed to obtain analgesic compound from Isodon rugosus. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation was carried out for the presence of various secondary metabolites in Isodon rugosus. Initially, the analgesic activity was performed using methanolic extract and subsequent fractions. The chloroform fraction was sorted out as most active following various analgesic activities. The isolation of analgesic compounds was carried out from chloroform fraction by using gravity column chromatography, in which thin layer chromatography and various stains were employed for confirmation of single and pure spots of compounds. At the end, three (3) compounds (AZ-1, AZ-2 and AZ-3) were isolated from chloroform fraction of Isodon rugosus in pure form. The pure compounds were then subjected to various analytical techniques for identification purposes including 1HNMR, 13CNMR and MS. The compound AZ-1 and AZ-2 were in sufficient quantity and were subjected to evaluate their analgesic potential following various standard protocols. In acetic acid induced writhing test, the compound AZ-1 showed 61% inhibition whileAZ-2 showed 4% inhibition of pain. In formalin test, AZ-1at 50 mg/kg displayed 69 and 63% inhibitions at phase-I and phase-II respectively. Similarly, the compound AZ-2at a similar dose, i.e. 50 mg/kg displayed 8 and 13% inhibitions at early and late phase respectively. In hot plate test,AZ-1 and AZ-2 exhibited average reaction times of 8 min and 3 min respectively. The possible mechanism of action of AZ-1 was figured out using different receptors including opioid, dopaminergic and adrenergic receptors. Moreover, the AZ-1 2 was also assessed against enzymes lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, which have a prominent role in nociception. The mechanistic study revealed that AZ-1 was actively involved in the anti-nociception through opioid receptors. The possible mechanism of analgesic action was confirmed to be the central pathway using opioid receptors, because the mice showed activity as that of morphine after the administration of opioid antagonist naloxone. The involvement of opioids receptors is evident from both hot plate and formalin assays in which nalaxone was used to figure out the involvement of opioids receptors. The AZ-1 was also involved in anti-nociception through adrenergic receptor and showed the reaction time of 5.35± 0.66, 5.17± 0.53, 6.53± 0.68, 5.90± 0.58 and 4.63±0.56 at the interval of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min respectively. The involvement of adrenergic receptor shown by the pre-treatment of adrenergic antagonist (yohimbine) which reversed the activity of AZ-1. Moreover,AZ-1 was also active against cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. The positive control used was Zileuton in lipoxygenase assay, in which the AZ-1 demonstrated 49.40± 0.65, 42.37± 0.72, 36.87± 1.04, 31.80± 0.55 and 26.97± 1.49% inhibitions at concentrations of 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.5 μg/ml respectively having IC50of 1024 μg/ml. The celecoxib was used as positive control in cyclo-oxygenase in which AZ-1 showed 42.77± 0.82, 38.87± 0.70, 32.73± 0.95, 28.60± 1.19 and 21.70± 1.57% inhibitions at concentration of 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.5 μg/ml respectively with IC50 1423μg/ml. The antioxidant properties of Isodon rugosus was also explored using various free radicals assays such as DPPH, H2O2 and ABTS. In DPPH, H2O2 and ABTS assays, AZ-1 revealed 56.33± 0.89, 49.33± 0.33 and 59.33± 0.33% inhibitions respectively at 1000 μg/ml concentration each. Additionally, the essential oil of Isodon rugosus (Ir.Eo) was also isolated and was subjected to GC coupled MS analysis. A total of 141 compounds found in the essential oil of Isodon rugosus. 3 The essential oil was also subjected to anti-nociceptive and antioxidant activity to find out it role in pain. The Ir.Eo showed a comparative response of the sample (57.14%) with the positive control (70.29%) at the dose of 100 mg/kg. The Ir.Eo in combination with naloxone reduced 09.01and 07.95% pain in phase I and II respectively. Mean reaction time for a sample of Ir.Eo and naloxone at a dose ratio of 50 + 1 mg/kg body weight was figured out as 05.28 ±0.13 min. Similarly, in DPPH and ABTS assay Ir.Eo revealed IC50 of <0.1 μg/ml. In brief, AZ-1 was revealed as an active anti-nociceptive compound of Isodon rugosus. This compound should further be subjected to various investigations which can help in drug discovery.