Physical activity in prevention of cancer and better prognosis

Cancer is a multifactorial disease with genetic and environmental risk factors. Environmental factors may also be termed as modifiable risk factors and these contribute towards 35% of cancer related mortalities as reported by World Health Organization. Obesity is the leading risk factor in this regard, causing not only deaths due to cancer but also to many other diseases. Among different factors causing obesity, a major contributor is lack of physical activity. In this era of modern technology and digitalization, sedentary mode of life has become a part of life and is mostly unavoidable. At the same time, there is a rise in the incidence of cancer. In the olden times, people used to do all manual work, a lot of walk, exercise and had healthy life style. Such healthy life style may have prevented them from various diseases.             Physical activity as a therapy on daily basis, is associated with a reduction in incidence of various carcinomas. It may improve overall wellbeing of healthy people as well as diseases persons from various ailments. As it is a common proverb that, “prevention is better than cure”, physical activity serves as a preventive measure for various diseases and also for fitness of normal healthy people. Although it is a known fact, yet planned population studies are required to provide evidence. Instead of unorganized physical activities, a structured physical activity may help in improvement of condition of cancer patients, prevention of cancer, cancer related deaths as well we quality of life. Healthcare providers should guide the patients in this regard.             There is lack of awareness among physicians and mostly they don’t refer them to physical therapists. There is also lack of information regarding the implementation of the programs and regimens of physical exercises for different diseases and cancers. Physical therapists may guide the patients in terms of frequency, intensity, duration of exercises which may serve as a betterment of their condition.

Mathematics Vocabulary Development Utilising Graphic Organisers: An Action Research Study With Grade 5 Students in a Private School, in Karachi, Pakistan

This study investigated the mathematics vocabulary development of Grade 5 students by designing vocabulary instructions, utilising Graphic Organizers (GOs) as an instructional tool. In order to achieve this objective, an exploratory action research was conducted within the qualitative paradigm in a private school in Karachi, Pakistan. The data collection tools used in the study were: a semi-structured interview with the mathematics teacher, pre and post-teaching task-based interviews with the participating students, classroom observations, analysing students’ work sample, and reflective journal maintained by the researcher. The study was conducted in three action research cycles in which I (researcher) taught eight vocabulary lessons based on the first three basic operations on numbers. Finding one showed that the designed mathematics vocabulary instructions changed learners’ problem solving behaviour. Initially, they would merely carry out an arithmetic operation apparently related to key words in the text. However, they gradually started to first, comprehend technical, sub-technical and generic vocabulary stated in the problems; then decided which arithmetic operation would be appropriate in the given situation. Finding two indicated that the use of Graphic Organisers during the vocabulary lessons facilitated the students to enrich their vocabulary knowledge. Finding three revealed that with the improved mathematics language and literacy skills, the students enhanced their conceptual understanding of basic operations on numbers and their multiple representations. This study can help mathematics teachers and educators to design explicit vocabulary instructions as part of their routine teaching and to facilitate learners in acquiring mathematics literacy skills and internalising the language of mathematical problems. Also, the GOs adopted and constructed during the intervention of the study can be used and experimented by teachers, educators and researchers for further studies.