ڈاکٹر وحید مرزا
پچھلے دنوں ڈاکٹر وحید مرزا کابھی انتقال ہوگیا،عمراسّی۸۰ کے لگ بھگ ہوگی۔ مرحوم ایک عرصہ تک لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی میں عربی اورفارسی کے پروفیسر اور صدر شعبہ رہے۔امیر خسرو پراُن کی کتاب جواُن کے پی۔ایچ ڈی کاتحقیقی مقالہ ہے اب تک اس موضوع پر شاہکار کی حیثیت رکھتی ہے۔ لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد لاہور چلے گئے اوراردو انسائیکلو پیڈیا اسکیم سے وابستہ ہوگئے اور وہیں وفات پائی ۔غفراﷲ لہ [اکتوبر۱۹۷۶ء]
Pakht┴n society has its own justice system which has different types of penalties and remedies to maintain the justice in the society. This study concentrates to investigate the nature of pecuniary punishment’s practice in distressing issues like killing, civil injuries and criminal offences. Perpetrators are punished to resolve the disputes. On one hand, this paper aims to find out answer to the methods of inflicting decisions in Pakht┴n’s cult and on other hand, to shed light on the legal status of arbitration regarding resolving such issues in the light of Qur’an and Sunnah. Study results illustrate that in some cases the offenders are charged in term of money to facilitate the victims, while in other cases both of the parties, perpetrators and victims, are called upon on meal for reconciliation of their dispute. Besides this, sometimes it is observed that the offenders are not only awarded pecuniary punishment but they are exiled as well.
Alcohols and cyclic alkanes oxidation, in an environment friendly protocol, was carried out in a typical batch reactor. These reactions were carried out in solvent free conditions and/or in eco-friendly solvents using molecular oxygen as the only oxidant and ZrO2 and/or ZrO2 supported noble metals (Pt, Pd) as catalysts. The influence of different reaction parameters (speed of agitation, reaction time, and temperature), catalyst parameters (calcination temperature and loading), and oxygen partial pressure on the catalyst performance was studied. Different modern techniques such as (FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, surface and pores size analyzer and particle size analyzer) were used for the characterization of catalyst. ZrO2 calcined at 1223 K was found to be more active as a single catalyst than the one calcined at 723 K for alcohol oxidation to the corresponding carbonyl products under solvent free conditions and in ecofriendly solvent as well. Platinum supported on zirconia was highly active and selective for oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in n- heptane, and toluene to benzoic acid in both solvent free conditions and in aqueous medium. Similarly, zirconia supported Pt or Pd catalysts were tested for cyclohexane oxidation in solvent free conditions and for phenol oxidation in aqueous medium. Both catalysts have shown magnificent catalytic activity. Bismuth was added as a promoter to these catalysts. Bismuth promoted Pt/ZrO2 has shown outstanding catalytic performance. These catalysts are insoluble in the reaction mixture and can be easily separated by simple filtration and reused. Typical batch reactor’s kinetic data were obtained and fitted to the classical Langmuir–Hinshelwood, Mars–van Krevelen and as well as to the Eley-Rideal model of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. In alcohol oxidation reactions the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was found to give a better fit. The rate-determining step was proposed to involve direct interaction of an adsorbed oxidizing species with the adsorbed reactant or an intermediate product of the reactant. While in toluene oxidation the Eley-Rideal model was found to give a better fit. Eley-Rideal mechanism envisages reaction between adsorbed oxygen with hydrocarbon molecules from the fluid phase. The calculated apparent activation energy and agitation effect have shown the absence of mass transfer effect.