اردو افسانہ(قیام پاکستان کے بعد)
قیامِ پاکستان نے اردو ادب کے ادیبوں کے اذہان اور فکر پر کئی طرح کے اثرات مرتب کئے ہیں۔برصغیر میں جہاں معاشرتی ، معاشی اور سیاسی طور پر انقلاب آیا، وہیں ادب پر بھی اس کے گہرے نقوش مرتب ہوئے۔ یوں دیگر اصناف کی طرح اردو افسانہ پر بھی اس کا اثر دیکھا جا سکتا ہے۔ افسانے میں نئے رجحانات اور نئے موضوعات شامل ہو گئے، اس طرح افسانہ ایک نئے روپ میں سامنے آیا۔قیامِ پاکستان کے بعد اردو افسانے کے موضوعات ہجرت اور فسادات پر مبنی رہے۔ہندوستان کی تقسیم نے ہر طرف انسانی استحصال ،عِصمت دری، لوٹ مار اورقتل و غارت کا بازار گرم کر رکھا تھا۔ایک طویل عرصے تک لوگوں پر اضطرابی کیفیت طاری رہی اور برصغیر کی عوام ایک ناقابلِ بیان بحران اور کرب کی کیفیت میں مبتلا رہی۔آزادی کے بعد اردو افسانہ جن حالات سے دوچار ہوا ان میں، فسادات ہجرت، مہاجرین کی آباد کاری اور جمہوری نظام کا قیام وغیرہ شامل ہے۔ قیام پاکستان کے بعد کے افسانوں میں آزادی کے نتیجے میں ہونے والی قربانیوں،ہجرت کے واقعات ،شہادتوں،جانی و مالی نقصان وغیرہ کا ذکر ملتا ہے۔ عائشہ سلطانہ لکھتی ہیں:
’’آزادی سے قبل اردو افسانوں کا موضوع اگرچہ وسیع تھالیکن آزادی کے بعدافسانہ نگاروں نے نئے موضوعات کو اپنے افسانوں میں جگہ دی جن میں ہجرت، فسادات و مسائل، مہاجرین کی پناہ گیری وآباد کاری کا انتظام اور ان کی دردناک زندگی کی تصویر کشی وغیرہ اہم ہیں۔‘‘ (12)
ہجرت و فسادات کے موضوع پر لکھنے والے افسانہ نگاروں میں زیادہ تر وہ مصنفین شامل ہیں جو ترقی پسند تحریک سے متاثر یا ترقی پسند تحریک سے وابستہ تھے۔قیامِ پاکستان کے بعد نئی نسل کے افسانہ نگاروں نے بھی اس موضوع پر قلم اٹھایا۔ ڈاکٹر ظفر سعید کے مطابق فسادات پر لکھے گئے افسانوں میں...
Liver plays an important role in lipid metabolism and any acute or chronic malfunction of the liver due to viral hepatitis or liver cirrhosis may induce lipid derangements Objective: To determine the patterns of deranged lipid profiles in patients of chronic hepatitis C Methods: It is a prospective, observational study, conducted at Medicine Department, Mayo Hospital Lahore for 6 months i.e.1stJanuary to 30th June 2018. After the ethical approval, 160 diagnosed cases of chronic hepatitis C of ages 18-70 years of either gender were selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Informed written consent was taken. Demographic information such as name, age and gender were recorded. Venous blood samples from patients after 10 to 14 hours of fasting were drawn for lipid profiles and sent to pathology laboratory. All results were expressed as mg/dl. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 Results: Out of 160 patients in this study, there were 94 males and 66 females. Total cholesterol was lower in 62.5% patients, normal in 33.75% patients and higher in 3.75% patients. Triglycerides levels were low in 66.25%, normal in 33.125%, and high in 0.625% patients. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were low in 82.5% patients, normal in 10% and raised in 7.5% patients. High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were low in 95%, normal in 4.375% & high in 0.625% patients Conclusions: Low levels of serum lipids including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL are seen in population suffering from chronic HCV infection.
“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”: A Journey towards Individuation The strategy of my dissertation project is to take the fictional character of the Ancient Mariner as a particular test case of psychic processes and move towards a general delineation of timeless human psyche. The tool of my analyses is Jungian analytical psychology the preference and choice of which can be argued on many counts. Jung’s emphasis on the extraordinary importance and potential of the human unconscious and with it its archetypal contents are remarkably fitting into the body structure and course of narrative of the Rime. Notwithstanding the equal plausibility and currency of Freudian psychology for literary analyses, Jung’s revolutionary reinterpretation of the unconscious has added a new dimension to human psychology. Contrary to Freud’s theory, which considers the unconscious as a repository of the infantile repressed contents, Jung believes that the unconscious is a sufficiently potential half of the Self that positively and constructively helps and regulates the conscious half. The archetypal contents of the unconscious, according to Jung, if rightly understood and assimilated in the conscious workings of the psyche, may reveal unspeakable human truths. Although symbolic pattern of the Rime has been extensively analyzed by critics and commentators in their respective historical perspectives and mind-sets, a general comprehension of it is only possible through experiences that are legible to an eternal human mind. The basic structure of the human mind (psyche) is invariably the same since time immemorial. Its eternal constituents remain intact no matter how many revolutions may occur in histories, cultures, religions, or civilizations. These constituents, though, may acquire temporal dimensions, their general and universal structure retains its permanence.viii Providing a super structure of eternals, a creative artist helps the eternal reader or spectator (of all times, generations, creeds) to read or watch his/her story in the matrix of that structure. Reading the Rime in the backdrop of a long history of its ancestors, beginning with Homer, Dante, Virgil and that may continue to the last shreds of human history, a familiar thread of parable runs through all its courses of readership. A famous quote from Alexander Pope “What oft was thought, but ne’er so well expressed” remarkably expresses every thoughtful reader’s response to the Mariner’s narrative. This response of an all time familiarity points to something that is universal in nature. This work focuses on these universal factors and presents them with justifications rooted in Jungian psychology. “How would it be done” is a taxing question while taking into consideration a psychoanalytic detour of the Rime.