عہد فاروقی میں حدود و قصاص کی تنفیذ
حضرت ابو بکر صدیق نے مرض الوفات میں صحابہ کرام رضوان اللہ اجمعین کےمشورے سے حضرت عمر کو امیر المومنین مقررفرمایا۔ 22جمادی الثانی سن 13 ہجری کو یہ خلیفہ بنے اور 27 ذوالحجہ سن 23 ہجری تک ان کادور حکومت ہے ۔ ان کا عدل آج تک ضرب المثل بناہوا ہے جس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ وہ اپنے زمانے میں اللہ کے بندوں میں سے سب سے زیادہ اللہ تعالیٰ اور اس کے حساب سے ڈرنے والے تھے اور لوگوں پر حکومت کرنے میں جس بے لاگ سوجھ بوجھ ، باریک بینی اور محاسبہ نفس کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے، اسے خوب جانتے تھے ۔آپ نے عدالتی نظا م کو ایک علیحدہ محکمہ کی شکل دی ۔
خلفائے راشدین کے زمانے میں قاضیوں کا دائرہ عمل صرف شہری تنازعات کے فیصلوں تک محدود تھا ۔ قصاص اور حدود کے اجراء کا کام خلفاء اور علاقائی حکمران خود سر انجام دیتے تھے اور وہی ان کا نفاذ کرتے تھے۔ ہمیں تاریخ سے ایسے ان گنت واقعات کو علم تو ہوتا ہے کہ قتل کرنے ، شراب نوشی اور اس قسم کے دوسرے جرائم میں خلیفہ یا اس کے عمال نےمجرموں کو قتل اور کوڑوں کی سزا سنایالیکن کسی قاضی کے متعلق ہمیں یہ علم نہیں کہ اس نے اس قسم کے مقدمات جنہیں موجودہ زمانے کی اصطلاح میں فوجداری کہا جاتا ہے کی سماعت کی ہو، قید اور جرمانہ جیسی تادیبی سزائیں بھی خلیفہ یا اس کا مقرر کردہ عامل ہی دیتا تھا ، اس طرح اس دور میں قضا ء کا دائرہ بڑی حد تک دیوانی مقدمات تک محدود تھا۔ حضرت عمر فاروق کے دور کے چند واقعات کو بطورمثال درج کیا جارہا ہے:
حدزنا کانفاذ
حضرت عمر کے پاس ایک شخص آیا...
The ultimate goal of an education system is to produce a better citizen and create a better society. In this regard, it is the responsibility of state to design its education system on sound grounds. In Pakistan, there is dual education system, modern education system and traditional Madrasah system. Modern education system prepares its students on the bases of western education pattern while Maddris develop their students in the light of their own respective schools of thought. Thus, the two educational systems are producing two different categories of graduates, leading to imbalance and intodlerance in the society. To bridge this gap between the two systems and to make the education system harmonious, the government has passed “Pakistan Madrasa ‘h Education Board Ordinance ". Three model Maddris have been set up as a pilot project in Karachi and Sakkar for boys and in Islamabadfor girls. It was supposed to be extended in other cities as well but due to the reservations of Ulamd ' and their bitter opposition, the process did not get due attention among the public. In this paper, the authors will try to bring out the Ulamd’s reservations on "Pakistan Madrasah Education Board” in order to bringforth the policy suggestionsfor the betterment of the program.
Date palm has a long history of cultivation and a valuable germplasm in Pakistan with little knowledge about genetic makeup and variation among the most important cultivars. Date palm is among the top three fruit crops of Pakistan which is grown throughout the country except the northern highlands. This study was conducted for evaluation of morphological, chemical and molecular diversity of date palm cultivars of Pakistan. Important morphological parameters of fruit, leaf and trunk of forty five locally adapted cultivars were evaluated for this purpose. Proximate analysis of the date fruit was also carried out. Morphological traits of trunk, leaves and spines had no significant correlation with fruit traits. Seven components explained 81% variability in the data set by principal component analysis. Length, weight, volume of fruit, pulp weight, total soluble solids, % reducing sugars, % total sugar, % ash content, length and width of leaf, midrib length with pinnae, spine number, leaf base width and perianth height largely contributed to variability among the cultivars. Forty six simple sequence repeat markers were used to find genetic diversity in date palm cultivars under study. Only two SSR markers showed polymorphism with five amplicons, 24 markers showed monomorphic bands while the remaining 20 primers did not amplify. Coefficient matrices were computed to form clusters to assess the relationship among the studied cultivars. Dendrogram based on morphological and proximate composition data divided the cultivars into four clusters while due to the less number of polymorphic SSR markers the studied cultivars were divided into two groups. Currently characterization of commercially important varieties is made primarily through morphological and yield parameters and to a lesser extent on genetic analysis using RAPD markers. There is a great need to develop some genetic x identification system that could be used at sucker stage without relying on phenotypic traits of adult plant such as fruit characteristics. For this purpose, a detailed genetic analysis of seven commercially important cultivars was performed. Initially more than 3.5 kb of DNA fragments belonging to rbcL, atpB, GGR, matKand 16S rRNA genes of date palm chloroplast genome from seven commercially important date palm cultivars of Pakistan were sequenced. All these genomic fragments were found near identical among the selected cultivars. Twelve DNA fragments already reported to harbor single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in date palm nuclear genome were also sequenced. Eight novel SNPs were also found in the sequenced fragments in addition to those already reported. The analysis of sequencing data indicated that three fragments have the highest marker index (MI) of 4.61, 3.61 and 2.26 and bear eight, seven and five SNPs respectively. A SNP typing system was developed for varietal identification of date palm cultivars which is able to distinguish not only all the seven studied cultivars from Pakistan but also other cultivars from the world. The study suggests, that SNPs are important markers to study closely related cultivars and in some instances might prove superior even to sequencing of genes. An authentic sequence based identification key for date palm germplasm in Pakistan can be developed by extending this study to all the indigenous cultivars.