The Musharraf Formula (Back Channel Formula) and the Resolution of the Kashmir Conflict

The Musharraf formula refers to the resolution formula of the Kashmir conflict which was reportedly agreed upon during the one-to-one backchannel dialogue between Mr. Tariq Aziz, the former civil servant and close aide of the then President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf and Mr. Satinder Lambah, a special envoy of the Prime Minister of India. We now know some of the details of this formula from the article of the American journalist, Steve Coll which he had published in New Yorker in March 2009 and the book of Mr. Khursheed Mahmud Kasuri, Neither a Hawk, Now a Dove which was published in 2015. Prior to this Mr. Musharraf and Mr. Kasuri had already claimed in their TV interviews and press talks that by March 2007 India and Pakistan were very close to resolving the Kashmir conflict. This paper takes the details of that non-paper agreement and tries to study what exactly that agreement holds for the future resolution of the Kashmir conflict. The basic understanding is whenever the Pakistani and the Indian governments will take up the negotiations on the Kashmir conflict in future, this agreement is bound to come up in the talks as a starting reference point. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully look at this agreement and discuss what it entails for the resolution of the Kashmir conflict.

Impact of Trust and Subjective Wellbeing on Procedural Justice with Mediating Role of Psychological Contract

Organizational justice has gained considerable attention in last few decades and has been widely studied because of its sensitive implications towards organization. Among other types of organizational justice, procedural justice has its own distinct place. Procedural justice is the fairness of procedures used in decision making. Organizational justice literature advocates that employees consider procedural justice more important than other types of justice in the organization. However, the factors influencing procedural justice have been underemphasized in literature. Current study strives to explore procedural justice with three factors including, trust, subjective well-being and psychological contract. Initially, a deep understanding of the topic is developed after studying a number of articles, books and other literature. A competing quantitative model is then developed where psychological contract is taken as a mediator. Data has been collected from a sample of 385 university teachers. The proposed model is then tested using Structural Equation Modeling. For this, AMOS is used to find the model that best fits the data. As reported in this thesis, the proposed model has undergone few modifications and results in a better model fit. Analysis of the proposed model reveals that trust is positively related to procedural justice and psychological contract. In addition, subjective well-being positively influences psychological contract but is not significantly related to procedural justice. Furthermore, psychological contract doesn't mediate the relationship between trust, subjective well-being and procedural justice.