ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کی تدوین نگاری
تخلیق اور تدوین کا رشتہ ازلی اور ابدی ہے۔تخلیق کی افادیت سے اسی وقت بہرہ مند ہواجا سکتا ہے جب وہ منظر عام پر آجائے ۔ تدوین کار ہی ایک ایسا شخص ہوتا ہے جو تخلیق کو ماضی کے گم گشتہ اوراق سے حال کے اُجالوں میں لے آتا ہے۔ یوں لوگ اس فن پارے کی قدرومنزلت ، فکری علویت اور فنی معراج سے حظ اُٹھانے کے لیے تدوین کار کے مرہونِ منت ہوتے ہیں۔اگر تدوین کا عمل معطل کردیا جائے تو کچھ عرصے بعد ادبی تاریخ بھی تعطل کا شکار ہو جائے گی اور نئی نسل کے لیے اس خلا کو پُرکرنا مشکل ہو جائے گا۔نعتیہ ادب کی روایت کے شعبہ تدوین میں ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کانام ایک درخشندہ ستارے کی طرح تابناک نظر آتا ہے۔ اُنھوں نے نعتیہ ادب کے چند بڑے ناموں کے کلیات مرتب کرکے نعتیہ روایت کو جس طرح تقویت فراہم کی ہے وہ یقینا ایک کارنامہ سرانجام دینے سے کم نہیں۔ ’’کلیات ریاض سہروردی، کلیات شاہ انصار الٰہ آبادی، ارمغانِ ریاض سہروردی، خوشبوئے ادیب، مقصودِ کائنات ، قصیدہ رسولِ تہامی، حرف حرف خوشبو، نزول، ساقی کوثر ، جشنِ آمد رسولؐ ، کلیاتِ عزیزالدین خاکی اور کلیات صبیح رحمانی‘‘اُن کے نمائندہ کاموں میں سے ہیں اور یہ سلسلہ ابھی جاری ہے۔
کلیات ریاض سہروردی
علامہ ریاض سہروردی کو اللہ رب العزت نے بہت ساری نعمتوں سے نوازا ہے۔ کوئی بھی شخص ہو جب وہ اپنے آپ کو اللہ اور رسول پاک صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کی ثنا کے لیے وقف کردیتا ہے تو اللہ پاک بھی ایسے بندے کو خا ص لوگوں میں شمار کرلیتا ہے۔ انھیں میں سے ایک حضرت ریاض سہروردی ہیں جو بیک وقت نعت خواں، نعت گو، عالم دین صوفی مشرب، مریدو خدمت گزار، معلم ومدرس، مولف کتب، بانیِ...
For peace in a society and to protect the lives and properties of all the individuals living in a society, it is necessary that there must be certain rules and regulations that govern the whole system of society. A guideline for each and every aspect of human life should be there. For this purpose Islamic law or Shariah law took origin to govern an Islamic state and for avoiding injustice and to preserve human dignity Shariah law prescribes different forms of punishment which constitute the basic criminal justice system of Islam. These include Qisas, Diyat and Harabah. Thus, the Quran not only specifies principles of retaliation in the form of Qisas but also gives an option of monetary compensation (blood money Diyat) to the aggrieved family of the victim. The fear of the consequences in the form of punishments prescribed by the Shariah Law must be there in a person's mind before he commits a crime and this fear will abstain from violating human dignity by destroying his life and property.
The current study was conducted from 2010 to 2014 in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan to determine the Susceptibility of Pseudomonas spp. to different chemotherapeutic agents and prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase. The samples were taken from three main tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan. During the study period, 3450 specimens including pus, urine, blood and burns etc. were collected and subjected to culture and sensitivity as per standard protocols. Samples were isolated and identified on the basis of standard biochemical techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by modified Kirby-Bauer method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations were followed per the guidelines set by CLSI. The ratio of male to female under the study was 1:1.4. The most productive antimicrobial agent was class carbapenem (imipenem and meronem) against Pseudomonas spp. among the β-lactam agents whose susceptibility was 282 (84.43%) and 304 (91.02%) respectively. The resistance rate was highest for Tetracycline followed by Penicillin and the isolates were co-resistant to macrolides and flouroquinolones and a moderate activity was demonstrated to the Cephalosporins. A total of 232 isolates were recovered from hospitalized and 102 from OPD patients. Statistically significant values were obtained for 17 out of 20 antibiotics, as there is a remarkable variation in susceptibility pattern of OPD and Hospitalized isolates. In class carbapenems: imipenem and meronem showed 81.47%; 91.18% and 88.79%; 96.08% activity rate for indoor and outdoor strains respectively. Only tetracycline had a diminished rate for both in and out door (5.17% and 21.57%) isolates respectively. In-patient isolates showed higher rates of resistance to most tested antibiotics, compared with outpatient isolates. Overall, there was a moderate decrease in susceptibility rate of Pseudomonas spp. to the antibiotic analyzed over the last five years of the study. The MIC50 & 90 (μg/ml) of imipenem against Pseudomonas spp. was <1 and < 4, respectively. While results obtained by agar dilution method demonstrated the lowest MICs values with meropenem for Pseudomonas spp. MICs observed for carbapenems as compared to the other antimicrobials tested were higher. xix Initial screening and phenotypic confirmatory test for ESBL detection was carried out according to the CLSI protocols. Production of ESBLs was observed in 148 (44.32%) of the isolates and the remaining 186 (55.80%) were non-ESBL producers. Statistically, a significant difference was found in susceptibility of the Pseudomonas spp. to carpenems, quinolones and β-lactam/β-lacatamase inhibitors, among the ESBL producers. The resistance conferred by ESBL’s producing pseudomonas spp. to cephalosporin’s (CEC, CAZ, CRO and CFP) was 14.2%, 20.3%, 14.3% and 22.3% respectively, contrary to the non–ESBL’s, where they were comparably sensitive to 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins. Treatment with third generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) is the only risk factor being associated with ESBL infections. β-lactamases of these strains analyzed genotypically by PCR with a series of primers specific for tem, shv and ctx-M genes. 100 samples were selected for PCR to detect tem, shv and ctx-M genes among the ESBL positive Pseudomonas spp. strains. A high proportion of isolates were confirmed for ctx-M gene which encodes a total of 48 strains followed by tem 38 and then 14 of them were shv genes.