Welcome to the inaugural Issue of Pakistan BioMedical Journal

Firstly, I would like to welcome all the readers, authors, editorial team and management of Pakistan Biomedical Journal (PBMJ) to this new journal in Biomedical Sciences. It is an intenational peer-reviewed, open-access journal that merges the basic and clinical research for the better outcome in terms of diagnosis and therapeutics. This approach will update and upgrade the existing knowledge among the researchers and clinicians, regarding the patient care and practice as well as understanding of underlying mechanisms of diseases. The ultimate beneficiary is patient and community as a whole. PBMJ is led by an outstanding Editorial Board comprising of national and international members with multidisciplinary research background. Our goal is to promote the basic and clinical research, health and disease perspectives. We receive original studies, review articles, case reports, systemetic reviews on medical, biomedical, basic and therapeutic research. We welcome scientific contributions from all over the world. It is the need and demand of the recent world scenario to focus on biomedical research. In the current world, basic and medical science cannot be considered as two separate and independent entities. There should be coherent efforts to unveil the basic understandings of pathologies at physiological, cellular and molecular level. Furthermore, the therapeutic strategies should also be explored on regional and global levels, by keeping in mind the different genetic makeups and considering the individual identities. It leads to the field of ‘personalized medicine’. There are many other recent therapeutic regimens such as regenerative medicine, exosomes, gene silencing and gene editing technologies. The world has also advanced in diagnostic modalities. Much focus has been emphasized on rapidness, accuracy and cost-effectiveness of these techniques. Imaging, scanning, histopathological, biochemical and hematological techniques have been much advanced than before. World has been changing rapidly in medical profession. Hence, it is important to be aware of these advancements worldwide and also to share the health related researches at local level. We hope this new journal will be a good addition in this perspective of sharing the recent knowledge, advancements and create awareness among masses.

Civil Military Relations in Pakistan 1998-2015

Military commanded civilian authority in Pakistan in three historical phases, 1958-1971, 1977-1988 and 1999-2008 approximately 32 years. During these historical phases military practiced diverse local government systems simply to acquire civilian legitimacy through civilians-military support vote bank for perpetuation of military rule. This gradually promoted military image and influence over civilian institutions of Pakistan. This dissertation is an academic attempt to extract viable techniques and methods for symmetrical civil-military relations for sustainable democratic order in Pakistan. Apart from defense and security affairs, military has been rendering multiple other tasks of national construction and development, therefore to analyze civil military nexus accurately, it is necessary to assess how both civil and military leaders handle policy discrepancy between them. The overall civil military nexus is broadly based on the fact how to establish civilian control over the military. The foreign policy formulation and implementation is civilian mundane, but military interference in civilian affairs with assertive designs directly alters Pakistan`s diplomatic interaction with neighboring and regional states. Classical idealistic theory of state has been applied in this dissertation to justify the role of the military to safeguard the geographical jurisdictions of the state. Civilians are morally and politically competent to make the decisions, even if they do not possess the relevant technical competence in the form of security expertise. In the civil-military context, this means that the military may be able to identify the threat and generate an appropriate response to threat for a given level of risk.Being guardian of the constitution Judiciary is an important institution of a government with core function to maintain rule of law for good governance and democracy. However in Pakistan during military regime judiciary took decisions on priority basis which paradoxically alter the course of civilian democratic order therefore this thesis applies qualitative analysis to the factors of civil military relations to ensure viable solutions and alternatives for promotion of civilian democratic supremacy under constitutional mechanism of Pakistan.