چیزوں کو چھپانا محض کمزور قسم کی پالیسی اور عقل ہے ۔ جبکہ مضبوط عقل اور طاقتور دل رکھنے والے جانتے ہیں کہ کب سچ بولنا ہے اوروہ واقعتاً ایسا کرتے ہیں ۔اس لیے یہ کمزور قسم کے سیاست دان ہیں جو اپنی سیاسی طاقت کو چھپارکھتے ہیں ۔ (Tacitus) کہتا ہے کہ (Livia) اپنے خاوند کی فن کاریوں اور بیٹے کی(Simulation)سے اچھی طرح متفق تھی ۔ Simulationکے فن کو Augustusاور Dissimulation کو Tiberiusسے منسوب کیا جات ہے۔ اور دوبارہ جب Mucianusنے Vitelliusکے خلاف بغاوت میں Vespasianکی مدد کی، وہ کہتا ہے کہ ہم Augustusکی باریک بینی اورTibrerius کی رازداری کے خلاف بغاوت نہیں کرتے، آئین جہانبانی اور مکاری یا راز داری وہ خوبیاں ہیں جو کہ بلا شبہ عادات اور صلاحیتوں کو نمایاں کرتی ہیں۔ اگر آدمی میں فہم و فراست کی طاقت ہے کہ وہ چیزوں کی حقیقت کو نیچے تک دیکھنے کی صلاحیت رکھتا ہے، جیسا کہ وہ سمجھ سکتا ہے کہ کونسی چیزوں کو واضح بیان کرنا ہے اور کیا راز میں رکھنا ہے۔ اور کس کو اور کب کیا آدھا بیان کرنا ہے اور آدھا چھپا کر رکھنا ہے۔ جیسا کہTacitus ان کو حکومت کے فن اور عام روزمرہ زندگی کے معاملات کی مہارتیں کہتا ہے۔ مکاری اس کی عادات کے لیے ایک رکاوٹ اور کمزوری تھی ۔ اگر آدمی سمجھ بوجھ کی طاقت حاصل نہیں کر سکتا تو اسے راز داری یا چیزوں کے چھپانے کو عام طور پر ترک کر دینا چاہیے ۔ جہاں آدمی انتخاب نہیں کر سکتا یا اپنے آپ کو حالات کے مطابق نہیں ڈھال سکتا تو اسے چاہیے کہ اپنے آپ کو محفوظ راستے پر ڈال دے ۔ اس آدمی کی طرح آہستہ آہستہ چلے جود دیکھ نہیں سکتا یقیناً قابل آدمی ہمیشہ اپنے معاملات میں صاف گوئی سے کام لیتے ہیں اور صاف گوئی میں...
Islam lays great emphasis on security and the sanctity of human life. The holy Quran terms killing of an innocent person as killing of the whole humanity. It prohibits unjust killing of human being in unequivocal terms. The holy Qur’an and Sunnah terms killing of an innocent person as one of the greatest sins. An eternal torment is the destiny of a killer who takes life of a person unjustly. However, it is also a bitter fact that hardly a crime free society could be found anywhere in the world. Peace prevails only in those societies where culprits are brought to justice. This is why Islamic penal code has prescribed punishments for all kinds of crimes. It has prescribed punishment of Qisâs in case of intentional murder and Diyat (blood money in case of killing of a person by mistake, it is also due in case if remission is made by the heirs in intentional murder case). To prove the crime of murder, testimony of two reliable witnesses or confession of the killer is required before the court. However, if a corpse is found in a place where killer is unknown and witnesses are unavailable, then Islam enjoins the process of Qasâmah to safeguard rights of the heirs of the deceased. Qasâmah is a process of taking oath by fifty persons selected by the heirs of the slain. In this article the concept of Qasâmah has been elaborated. It has three parts , in the first part conditions for the validity of Qasâmah has been elaborated, while in the second part its process has been discussed with elaborate opinions of jurists regarding taking of oath, as some of them opine that the heirs of the slain have to take oath, mentioning name of the killer, while others say oath will be taken by the defendants that they didn’t kill him, Both these opinions have been discussed by producing arguments of the both sides. While in the third part the issue of Qisâs and Diyat has been discussed as according to some jurists the Qasâmah entails Qisâs while other say that it entails Diyat only; arguments of both sides have been discussed in detail.
An Analytical Study of a Sense of Home and Identity of the Protagonist in Rachel Dewosking's Novel "Repeat After Me" This study has explored the narrator and protagonist Aysha's sufferings caused by her traumatic past (she underwent her parents' breakup in her teens), and analyzed and interpreted her search for a sense of home and identity in American writer Rachel DeWoskin's novel Repeat After Me. Her parents' breakup is a very painful and disturbing experience in Aysha's life, it estranges the whole family and gives Aysha a feeling of being abandoned. Moreover, she harbors a strong sense of guilt about the whole situation. These unpleasant emotions seriously affect her mental health as well as her personality and behavior, and she feels herself to be an outsider in her family and hometown New York. Nevertheless she is unconsciously seeking for a "sense of home" that is feelings of love, security, peace, belonging, etc, besides she is searching for a strong sense of identity. Her searches help her in the end to cure her own woes and trade her broke life with a better one eventually. This work is a literature-based research. It has been critically analyzed in the backdrop of psychoanalysis and identity theories. Psychoanalysis theory deals with psychological problems and addresses unconscious aspects of the people, and identity theory studies one's perception and expression of "Who one is?" and "Where does one belong?" Based on these theoretical frameworks, the researcher has described how Aysha's past interferes with her present, how she searches for a sense of home and finally gets free from her past, finds a strong sense of identity and understands herself. In addition to analyzing Aysha, the central character Da Ge is also analyzed briefly as he had parallel life experience as Aysha--both come from disturbed and broken families. The results reveal that the experience of family break up can be a terrible hardship for children, it can affect their emotional, physical, as well as psychological well-being. Aysha was hurt seriously, she is constantly searching for a sense of home and identity she lost in her teens. Finally, as a result of her search she overcomes her trauma and manages to lead a happy life.