النورسي ومعالجته النقدية الايجابية البناءة للقضايا

From the very first day, the scholars of the Ummah, Particularly from the time of Im฀m Sh฀f฀ movements of Islamic thought originated, which affected not only the Arabic world but the whole Islamic world. There had been movements of severe revenge and bloodshed and a lot of people were killed. Im฀m Nawras฀ is one of those unique people who served the Islamic thought from such dangerous storms. Day and night he made selfless efforts. He criticized the falsehood and injustice. The period of Im฀m Nawras฀ was plagued with severe gales of argumentations. This became the cause of Invitational, reformative and renewing movement of Im฀m Nawras฀. It faced the western and European attacks which appeared after Industrial and ideological revolutions of Europe. Before starting the movement, he did deep study of current affairs, Islamic thought and history. He studied the reasons due to which chaos of Islamic thought began. It was necessary to study all the situations and to fight with the contemporary Atheistic thought and wipe out its effects. So this article discusses intellectual contributions of Im฀m Nawras฀. He is great in handling the critical situation, and his conservative positive criticism is excellent. He is one of those luckiest persons who survived and got a chance to serve humanity. He was unique in handling intellectual issues away from dialectical demagoguery. Im฀m Nawras฀ really worked great for Islam. His principles regarding intellectual positive criticism, his philosophical thoughts, his criticism on mystic issues are presented here in this article. It is important to study and analyze Nawras฀ ’s amazing ability and his critical positive approach and treatment of constructive issues away from the ego.

Wealth from Waste: Problems and Possibilities of Developing and Using Low Cost/No Cost Teaching Materials in Primary Science Classroom

Studies regarding the teaching of science in primary schools in Pakistan especially in the rural context show that students are being prepared just for passing examination by memorizing facts from the text books. However according to research findings, learning is an active process. Children learn by interaction with their environment; they observe, explore, and solve problems related to everyday life. The limited instructional resources is one factor which hinders active learning. With resources becoming increasingly more expensive it is however, essential to use low cost no cost LC/NC teaching materials from the local environment. Even though the environment is rich in resources for the major science topics related to primary science, teachers do not bring these into the classroom or take children outdoors. The purpose of this study was to explore some of the constraints and possibilities of developing and using low cost/ no cost teaching materials in the teaching of science in primary schools to overcome the lack of teaching materials in primary schools. This study was done in a private primary school. The research sample comprised three primary school teachers. One of them was untrained and two had taken a visiting teachers (VT) course at the IED. These teachers teach science in three different sections grade 5. The approach adopted in this study was qualitative in nature. I tried to become a part of the situation where teachers worked, for seven weeks in order to be able to explore the difficulties they face and the possibilities that could be identified for using LC/NC materials. I used a variety of techniques to collect my data: observations, interviews, and maintaining researcher's reflective journal. Going through the data collected, I identified some of the impeding factors that hinder teachers from using low cost/no cost teaching materials in their science classrooms: teachers lack of content knowledge and ideas, classroom management skills, planning time, and medium of instruction. Some possibilities to overcome some of these constraints are suggested, e.g., team work, follow up and encouragement of teachers' work, and creating a supportive environment by the heads schools. These factors may help teachers to appreciate the value of low cost/no cost materials in the primary science classrooms. Some impeding factors such as time, unexpected holidays to some extent affected the study.