The Indian Muslims’ Services to Afghanistan & Turkey (1901-1929)

The Paper attempts to highlight the most significant Muslim personalities of British India who rendered services and sacrifices for the cause of pan-Islamism. They travelled to the neighbouring Muslim states of Afghanistan and Turkey for the larger cause of the Muslim brotherhood, and their freedom from the colonial powers. Their visits were either in official or unofficial capacity. The personalities include; Abdur Rahman Peshawari, Zafar Hasan Aibak, Mualana Ubaidullah Sindhi. The paper argues that these personalities have visited the Muslim countries of Afghanistan and Turkey in order to support the cause of Muslim brotherhood and their peace, development, and freedom. Their way of support was in the form of diplomatic negotiation. Descriptive and analytical methods were followed for analyzation/interpretation of data collected.

The Diagnostic Accuracy of Determine™ Tb Lam Antigen in Detection of Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis Eptb

Background: TB remains a key global health challenge; particularly Extra pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) and is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The increasing incidence of EPTB compounded by difficulties in making a timely diagnosis portends to poor prognosis and increased mortality. Delays in diagnosis and misdiagnosis of EPTB in suspected patients account for mortality as well. Challenges in diagnosis of EPTB are mainly due to disease related factors, the paucibacillary nature of disease and challenges with sample collection and processing. Reference standard test such as TB culture, geneXpert and histology which are used in the diagnosis of EPTB are insensitive (depending upon organ sites suspected), take time and specialized laboratory equipment. Emerging diagnostics utilizing pathogen derived biomarkers such as the urine LAM antigen which are rapid, unsophisticated, require minimal laboratory set-up and highly adaptable both in the field and outpatient departments thus become an appealing option. The LAM antigen has been studied in the diagnosis of PTB with varying sensitivities and specificities. This study evaluated the diagnostic utility of the LAM antigen in the diagnosis of EPTB compared to the current reference standard tests. Methods: This prospective validation study was carried out between June 2015-April 2016 at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi and its satellite clinics. The main objective was to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the LAM antigen compared to reference standard tests which included TB culture (solid and liquid media), histology and geneXpert suspected to have EPTB. Patients with at least 1 positive reference standard test were defined as cases of EPTB. We enrolled participants aged > 14 years who were clinically suspected to have EPTB by the primary attending physician. Participants with active or evidence of PTB and those having concomitant PTB and EPTB, as well as those who were unable to provide a urine specimen for LAM antigen testing or sample specimen for reference standard testing were excluded. Urine sample was obtained and tested with the LAM antigen. A grade 2 and above cut-off point was defined as a positive LAM antigen test. Laboratory personnel carrying out the reference test were blinded to results of LAM antigen. In addition, an independent reader reported 24 LAM strips was blinded to the results of both the reference tests and results of LAM antigen test done by the principal investigator. Sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive and negative predictive values (NPV,