پروفیسر ایم۔ایم شریف
پروفیسر ایم۔ایم شریف اگرچہ اصلاً پنجابی تھے لیکن درحقیقت وہ تھے علی گڑھ کاسرمایۂ گراں پایہ۔ وہ یہاں طالبِ علم رہے، پھر فلسفہ کے پروفیسر اورصدر شعبہ ہوئے۔یونیورسٹی کے پرووائس چانسلر بھی بنے اوراپنے علم وفضل، اخلاق وعادات اورہمدردی ومحبت کے باعث یونیورسٹی کی سوسائٹی میں نہایت مقبول اور ہردلعزیز ہوکر رہے،تقسیم کے بعد علی گڑھ کی یہ دولت پاکستان منتقل ہوگئی تواب اُن کے تحقیقی اورتصنیفی جوہر کھلے، چنانچہ ادب، فلسفہ اوراسلامیات پر انھوں نے انگریزی اور اُردو میں اتنی فکرانگیز اورمحققانہ کتابیں اورمقالات لکھے جوایک مصنف کے فخر کرنے اور اس کو علم وادب کی دنیا میں زندہ جاوید بنانے کے لیے کافی ہیں۔ اسی بناء پر اُن کو پاکستان میں علمی اعزاز بھی بڑے سے بڑاحاصل ہوا،ادارۂ ثقافتِ اسلامی کے ڈائرکٹر ہوئے،پاکستان فلاسفکل کانگریس کے صدر چُنے گئے،پنجاب یونیوسٹی میں فیکلٹی آف آرٹس کے ڈین مقرر ہوئے۔ان کاقلم بڑا شگفتہ نگار اورباغ وبہار تھا۔ طبعاً اپنے نام کی طرح نہایت شریف اوراعلیٰ اخلاق وکردار کے انسان تھے۔راقم الحروف کی پہلی ملاقات اُس وقت ہوئی تھی جبکہ مسلم یونی ورسٹی کی انجمن تمدن وتاریخِ اسلامی کی دعوت پر۴۰ء میں راقم نے یونیورسٹی کے یونین ہال میں عمر میں پہلی مرتبہ ’’مسلمانوں کے زوال کے اسباب‘‘ پرتقریر کی تھی اورپروفیسر محمد شریف مرحوم نے اُس جلسہ کی صدارت کی تھی ۔تقسیم کو داد دیجیے کہ موصوف کاانتقال ہوگیااوراس کی اطلاع ہم کوکئی ماہ کے بعد ابھی پچھلے دنوں لاہور کے ماہنامہ ثقافت کے چار مہینوں کے یکجائی نمبرسے ہوئی، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ مرحوم کومغفرت وبخشش کی نعمتوں سے نوازے ۔
[جولائی ۱۹۶۶ء]
Every single thing made by Allah, the Creator of all things has its own essence of beauty and attraction to it. However, out of all the stunning creations of Almighty Allah, humans are the most superior creation which has the ability to gain knowledge. We, humans, have been given the power by Allah to explore the rest of his creations in nature and fully understand the beauty and functions of each and every aspect of it in order to take advantage of it. Islam is a religion based on nature and Shariah is a law which lays down rules for Muslims to follow which also allows us to move forward with the advancements in the world. It has a unique way of life for any person of any time to follow which cannot be found in any other religion. However, any development which takes place creates new problems and new obstacles which can only be manoeuvred by the researchers and scholars of that specific time who will decide the right use of that commodity and explain the commodity. This will allow the new invention to be utilised fully. Moreover, in this world many people want to look their best and feel their best and will be willing to go through many ways for their ideal look. With this desire, many jobs become associated with achieving this for people. Nonetheless, this leads to people putting their time, money and effort into something which can risk their entire life which can result in either an advantage or disadvantage. Moreover, they should know whether this is against their religious values. Those acts which cross your religious boundaries and are considered “haram”or not permitted are wrong. Thus, it is necessary for us to first consider whether it is crossing the boundaries and proving to be disadvantageous for you so that the wrong norms and values are not transmitted into the future generations.
In the present dissertation, our research findings on the production of bioactive secondary metabolites by soil borne fungi are discussed. The application of microorganisms for the welfare of human beings is the main goal of biotechnology. In this study, two phytopathogenic fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii and Aspergillus flavus were isolated from soil samples collected from Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Growth parameters (nutrient media, temperature, pH, incubation period, and static/shaking intervals) were optimized for achieving maximum production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Five nutrient media were used for fungal growth. S. rolfsii produced maximum amounts of metabolites in Czapek yeast broth media (CYB), whereas maximum formation of metabolites by A. flavus was found in potato dextrose media (PDB). Furthermore, the crude secondary metabolites in ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-hexane extract obtained from each medium were screened for their activities against different pathogenic bacteria. The EtOAc and n-hexane fractions obtained from the CYB medium were more active against pathogenic bacteria as compared to the crude metabolites obtained from the other media in the case with S. rolfsii, whereas PDB was the media, in which A. flavus yielded the largest quantities of secondary metabolites, showed significant results against pathogenic bacteria. EtOAc and n-hexane fractions of both fungi were screened for their in vitro effects, including antifungal, phytotoxic, and insecticidal properties and brine shrimp lethality. The in vivo activities of the metabolites, such as acute toxicity, analgesic, and sedative action, were also studied. The results showed that the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction was more active as compared to the n-hexane fraction due to the presence of polar constituents. The results obtained from the examinations of the biological activities indicated that both fungi produced bioactive secondary metabolites which have antimicrobial, phytotoxic, insecticidal, cytotoxic, analgesic, and sedative effects. The EtOAc fraction of S. rolfsii and A. flavus was significantly more active against carbonic anhydrase with IC50 values of 45.40 ±0.75 and 59.89 xx ±1.65, respectively. Similarly, the n-hexane fraction of both fungi also showed significant results against carbonic anhydrase (62.5 and 63% at 0.2 mg/mL, respectively) with IC50 values (45.40 ±0.75 and 61.3 ±1.75, correspondingly). The EtOAc and n-hexane fraction of both fungi exerted insignificant influence against urease. In short, the isolated crude metabolites exhibited remarkable inhibition activity against carbonic anhydrase. The bioactive EtOAc fraction of both fungi were further subjected to column chromatography (cc), which yielded one new and five known compounds. Their purity was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by using various modern spectroscopic analyses, including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMBC, and EI-MS spectra. One new and four known secondary metabolites were isolated from S. rolfsii and one known compound was isolated from A. flavus. The bioactive compounds isolated from S. rolfsii were: cinnamic acid (1), chlorogenic acid (2), Screlotiumol (3), o-coumaric acid (4), and gallic acid (5), whereas kojic acid (6) was isolated from A. flavus. Two compounds were obtained in high quantity, chlorogenic acid (2) and screlotiumol (3), and assessed for their effects on the reversion of multidrug resistant (MDR) mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In cancer cell lines, the multidrug resistant P-glycoprotein is a target for chemotherapeutic drugs. Both tested compounds showed an excellent MDR reversing impact against the mouse T-lymphoma cell line in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, compounds (2 and 3) were subject to molecular docking. Optimal effects of molecular docking were obtained by compounds (2 and 3) as compared to the standard treatment. Therefore, the preliminary results obtained in the present investigation indicate that these compounds could be used in the selection of potential targets for the treatment of cancer.