قیام امن اور مذہبی ہم آہنگی

The Internal dissensions within the ranks of the Muslim Ummah are very harmful and condemnable. Today, the Muslims of the world have fallen into the deep recesses of decline due to their mutual differences. The intrigues and conspiracies of the hostile nations have created schism and dissensions among the Muslims on the grounds of language, land, race and color. In our country (Pakistan), if we ponder on the growing rate of violence, we will find that the main causes of this chaos are our attitude towards our mutual differences. Because of intolerant approach towards our mutual differnces, our difficulties and problems are sizing up, and they have engulfed the whole nation, now. The only point on which our nation can be united is the “Kalimah”. The followers of this “Kalimah” whether they are white or black, rich or poor, or whatever race they belong to, and whatever territory or country they come from, they are all considered as the member of the Muslim Ummah. Keeping the prevailing situation of the Muslim Ummah, the author of this paper feelss that an appropriate answer to the question, ‘are all sorts of differences condemnable?’, is key to end most of our differences. In fact, all sorts of differences are not condemnable or forbidden; if differences of opinions are based on some logical grounds within the jurisdiction of the Qur’ān and Aḥādīth, they are permissible and justified as inevitable and natural. Such kind of approach can promote tolerance and unity among the Muslim Ummah and can put us at peace.

Nonlinear Structures in Nonuniform Magnetoplasma With Non-Maxwellian Distributions

One and two dimensional nonlinear dissipative structures are studied with non-Maxwellian electrons in nonuniform magnetized plasmas. In 1D (one dimension), nonlinear drift-wave is derived by employing the drift approximation whereas, in 2D (two dimensions) under the weak nonlinearity limit, coupled drift-ion acoustic wave is derived. In the linear regime, it is observed that the nonthermal electron population modi es the frequency of coupled drift ion acoustic wave. Formation of shock structures is observed with nonthermal Cairns and kappa distributed electrons and it is found that the presence of these distributions signi cantly modi es these nonlinear structures. Velocity of nonlinear structures and diamagnetic drift velocity are found to play a signi cant role in the formation of these structures. Existence regimes for one and two dimensional drift shock waves are found and it is observed that kappa distributed electrons for 1D case can give rise to compressive as well as rarefactive shock structures whereas, Cairns distributed electrons are found to behave in a di erent way for the formation of these drift shock structures. Coupling of drift waves and ion-acoustic waves in linear and nonlinear regime are studied in a nonuniform magnetized plasma comprising of two ion species (i.e. Oxygen and Hydrogen ions) in the presence of nonthermal distribution of electrons. Dispersion characteristics of coupled drift-ion acoustic waves are found to be modi ed for kappa and Cairns distributed nonthermal electrons population as well as for di erent ratios of ion number densities. Drift solitary waves are studied by deriving the one dimensional KdV and two dimensional KP like equations for pure drift and coupled drift-ion acoustic waves respectively. These solitary structures are observed to be modi ed in the presence of di erent ratios of ion number densities as well as nonthermal distribution of electrons. Existence regimes for drift solitary waves are determined with the help of the velocity of the nonlinear structure and diamagnetic drift velocity. Further, using non-Maxwellian Cairns, kappa and q-nonextensive electron distributions along-with sheared ion ow, coupling of drift vortex modes and ion acoustic modes are investigated in a nonuniform magnetized plasma comprising of hot ions. Nonlinear vortex structures are observed in the presence of non-Maxwellian electrons population iii and it is found that there is a shift in the position of these structures because of nonthermal populated electrons. The importance of these particles in the Earth''s auroral zone is pointed out and comparison with their Maxwellian counterpart is also made. Shear ow in dust dynamics driven waves in combination with the dust-neutral drag is studied in a plasma containing ions, electrons and dust. Non-thermal population of ions is considered which has been observed by many satellite missions. It is found that the dissipative instability produced by dust sheared ow and dust-neutral drag gets modi ed because of these nonthermal ions. It is also observed that the dissipative instability enhances for the Cairns distribution whereas, the kappa distribution arrests the growth of this instability. In the nonlinear regime, formation of vortices in the system is studied. It is found that the nonthermal population of ions signi cantly alter these structures by comparison with their Maxwellian counterpart.