The Analytical Study of Well Thought-Out Legitimate Pakhtun’s Trends Regarding Marriage Binding Shariah Perspective

Indeed, nobody can deny the role and importance of women in any peaceful society. Their contribution is not only essential to enhance the living standard but also they are life blood of prosperity and beauty of this universe. In each & every field of life their need is felt but regrettably, it is not realized by all that how much women have experienced discrimination and deprivation of their rights and freedom. Many of restrictions and limitations faced by them are due to culture and tradition. Although women play an important role in the development and success of men, but do not get any reward for their allegiance, loyalty and devotion.  Islam acknowledged equality of women with men in a great way. In Islam women get a praiseworthy and admirable position which no religion ever gave them. Islam defined their duties and ordered to treat them equally but in spite of all that the woman of today’s Muslim world in general and Pakhtun society in particular is not entertaining their rights and status. This study specifically focusses on highlighting one of the Pakhtun customs and its aspects that badly violate the religious teachings regarding the Women marriage Status and there will also be some recommendations in order to eradicate these unlawful trends from society as to empower the women in real sense.

Properties of Reflexive and Cordial Labelings

An irregular assignment of a graph G is a mapping from the edge set of G to the numbers from 1 up to k such that all vertex weights are pairwise distinct, where the vertex weight is the sum of labels of edges incident to that vertex. The irregularity strength s(G) can be interpreted as the smallest integer k for which G can be turned into a multigraph G0 by replacing each edge by a set of at most k parallel edges, such that the degrees of the vertices in G0 are all di erent. The concept of re exive irregular multigraphs proposed as a natural consequence of irregular multigraphs by allowing for loops. Irregular re exive labeling includes also vertex labels which represent loops and thus the vertex labels are even numbers representing the fact that each loop contributes twice to the vertex degree, with 0 for a vertex without loops. The weight of a vertex under a total labeling is now determined by summing the incident edge labels and the label of the vertex itself. A labeling which chooses labels for edges from 1 up to k and takes even numbers from 0 up to k as vertex labels is called an edge irregular re exive labeling if di erent edges have di erent weights, where the weight of an edge is the sum of labels of end vertices of this edge and the edge label itself. The smallest value of k for which such labeling exists is called the re exive edge strength of the graph. In this thesis we will investigate the re exive edge strength of cycles, Cartesian product of cycles, join of graphs, friendship graphs and generalized prism graphs. We will also study the 3-total edge product cordial labelings of the graphs. Let the edges of a graph G are labeled with numbers from 0 to k ? 1, for 2 k jE(G)j. Consider the induced vertex labels de ned as the product of labels of incident edges under modulo k. Then this edge labeling is called k-total edge product cordial if the di erence of the number of vertices and edges labeled with i and the number of vertices and edges labeled with j at most 1, for every i and j, 0 i; j k ? 1. In Chapter 3 we will deal with 3-total edge product cordial labelings of honeycombs, some nanotubes, grids and generalized prisms.