Role of Religious Interventions in the Reintegration of Prisoners: A Case Study of Selected Jails of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Prisoners’ reintegration is the core concept of almost all penal systems in the world. One of the potent tools to ensure prisoners’ reintegration is effective network of religious services within prisons. This paper aims at exploring the role of religious interventions in the reintegration of prisoners with specific focus on Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) jails.  Six high profile jails---Central Jail Peshawar, Haripur, Bannu, and District Jail Timergara, Mardan and Kohat of KP were purposively selected. Mixed methodology, more specifically concurrent triangulation technique, was used to collect and analyze the data. Of all 261 respondents, 250 comprised of jail inmates (under-trial and convicted adults and juveniles male prisoners) were randomly selected within the six jails of the province and interviewed through semi-structured questionnaire. The remaining 11 respondents, purposively selected and interviewed through interview-guide included jail officials of all the selected prisons (6 in numbers) and ex-prisoners (5 in numbers). It was found that a clear majority of the respondents considered religious interventions instrumental in accomplishing the goal of prisoners’ reintegration i.e, making them law abiding, productive, contributing and pro-social citizens. Many of the apparently incorrigible and potentially dangerous prisoners altered the course of their lives once they went through religious programs inside prisons. It was also discovered that in KP prisons, there was no effective network of chaplaincy services, and often these services were provided by self-motivated religious prisoners and rarely by the prison management with the collaboration of NGOs.  Yet, the existing religious interventions had an extraordinary impact in terms of reforming the inmates. Hence, it is recommended that any prisons’ reform strategy must incorporate a well-designed framework of religious programs to transform criminals into an asset for society.

Spatio-Temporal Wave Packet Dynamics in Fermi-Ulam Accelerator

The idea of wave packet, that clarified many conceptual difficulties, has more recently been revisited to address interferometric and dynamical issues. Present work focuses on the spatio-temporal dynamics of the quantum wave packets in the Fermi-Ulam Accelerator Model. The specific system considered here is a one-dimensional box under periodic oscillations at one boundary. Such a seemingly simple system can be mapped to non-trivial problems like BEC trapped in an oscillating cavity or dynamics of atomic wave packet in different potential in presence or absence of gravitational field. The system is shown to display rich dynamical features including transitions from regular to stochastic and further to chaotic domain in classical phase space. We have obtained the approximated eigen-value solutions of the problem through time dependent Schrodinger’s equation under rescaling transformations that effectively replace moving boundary with a static one. Consequently the running time becomes a nonlinear function of the continuously changing boundary. Based on these solutions, revivals or the resurrection of the original wave packet, in the driven and un-driven Fermi-Ulam model are presented. Such revivals correspond to the constructive interference whereas the wave packet’s collapse owes to destructive interference. Furthermore, interplay of constructive and destructive interferences also readily mimics the fractional revivals. It is further demonstrated that initial position and momentum play a highly crucial role in the emergent revival and fractional revival patterns. It is shown that the symmetries exhibited by such structures in un-driven systems are usually lost under driven conditions and the revival/fractional revival times can only be predicted through a transcendental equation whose solution mainly depends on the strength of the external driving force. In present thesis we have proposed a comprehensive mathematical technique to calculate these hitherto unpredictable times. In addition, a graphical method is also suggested to observe these asymmetric revival/fractional revival times. This apparent asymmetry, do display an overall periodicity over a comparatively long span covering many times of revivals. It is found that whenever the ratio between the period of wall oscillation and quantum revival time `α/β'' is a rational number then the revivals time shows a periodicity after β viinumber of revival times over α wall oscillation. Standard tools of autocorrelation and quantum carpets, a consequence of quantum interference, have been employed for visual manifestation of these revivals. These carpets amply demonstrate the explicit asymmetric shifting of revival times for the driven case. These micro changes exhibited in quantum carpet morphologies consequently yield amended phase velocities associated with the canals and ridges in the driven framework. Furthermore, to grasp the quantum phase space dynamics in its entirety, we have also utilized the more sophisticated techniques of the Wigner function and information entropy. It is demonstrated mathematically that revivals not apparent via autocorrelation become prominent in the Wigner phase space description along with the appearance of smooth mini wave packets in the fractional revivals. These interference patterns emerge due to the state vector formed through the linear combination of Gaussians with different positions and momenta having pure Gaussian as well as oscillatory terms. Moreover, the information entropy, like the Wigner function also predicts the revivals when and where they happen. Thus a rich pattern of fractional revivals, including some altogether new ones, are observed through this tool in both driven and un-driven situations. Finally we have elucidated various scenarios including cold atoms in magneto-optical traps where such a system can be experimentally realized along with the suggestions for future work in this specific domain.