Memorization Without Comprehension: A Window onto the ‘Extremities’ of the Capability of Human Brain

Muslims across the world memorize the Quran in Arabic for verbatim recall. Memorizers can be native speakers of Arabic, non-native speakers of Arabic, or non-Arabic speakers. The purpose of this study is to investigate expert Quran memorizers on their memorization practices including what they brought to the act of memorization and what, according to them, underlay their success in memorization. Ten memorizers were interviewed about their reflections on their memorization practices. The analysis reveals that while some practices of the Quran memorizers are in line with findings from research literature on memory, there are others which are peculiar to them. The conclusion drawn is that Quran memorizers recite accurately because they do not learn the language. It is further concluded that Quran memorization is a special case, in which a range of extra linguistic factors such as identity, motivation and intention play an important role.

Integration of Seeding Rates and Weed Management Techniques for Weed Suppression and Some Agronomic Traits of Chickpea Cicer Arietinum L.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crop has gained attention of the arid region farmers across Pakistan because of the low water requirement. Meanwhile, the chickpea is poor competitor of weeds in its early growth stages due to its slow growth rate and leaf area development. Taking under consideration the negative impact of weeds on chickpea crop, field, pot and laboratory studies were conducted during 2012-13 and 2013-14. During field studies, the effects of different chickpea seeding rates and different weed control techniques were tested against chickpea weeds under rain-fed conditions. The results of the field experiments showed that during both the years the lowest weed density (115.18 and 64.40 m-2) was recorded in Stomp 330 EC followed by Dual Gold 960 EC. The maximum seed yield (1226 and 1411 kg ha-1) was recorded in Stomp 330 EC for both the years, respectively followed by the application of Dual Gold 960 EC and manual weeding. Among the chickpea seeding rates, the maximum number of branches plant-1, 100 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield kg ha-1 were observed for 70 kg ha-1 seed rate during both the years. The economic analysis exposed that the maximum net profit to the farmers in case of added cost was obtained from the application of pre-emergence herbicides i.e., Stomp 330 EC and Dual Gold 960 EC as compared to the other weed control techniques. In pot studies the sensitivity of chickpea was tested against two pre-emergence herbicides (Stomp 330 EC and Dual Gold 960 EC) and three post-emergence herbicides (Topik 15 WP, Puma Super 75 EW and Isoproturon 500 EW). In pot studies, chickpea was more sensitive to pre-emergence than post-emergence herbicides in terms of their toxicity. All the studied parameters of chickpea showed a significant response to the herbicides applied except nodules fresh and dry biomass. Moreover, the least chickpea plant height (cm), number of nodules plant-1 and protein content (%) in seed were recorded under the pre-emergence application of Stomp 330 EC. In the third experiment, the allelopathic potential of five common weeds including Parthenium hysterophorus L., Cyperus rotundus L., Datura stramonium L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. and Convolvulus arvensis L. was examined against the different chickpea varieties (Karak-I, Karak-III and Sheenghar) under laboratory conditions. The results of the lab. studies demonstrated that among the chickpea varieties the “Karak-III” showed more susceptibility against the phytotoxic effects of weed extracts. However, among the tested extracts, C. arvensis showed more allelopathic effects in terms of germination failure in chickpea and just gave 43.33% germination as compared to control treatment (97.50%). However, the extract of P. australis showed a little stimulatory effects on all the tested chickpea varieties. Hence, it is concluded that an integrated weed management approach involving cultural practices and herbicides is needed to develop an effective and economical weed control technique and to achieve maximum chickpea yield.