بھٹو کیسے زندہ ہے اور کیوں زندہ رہے گا
ڈاکٹر مبشر حسن اور عشق بھٹو
زوار حسین کامریڈ
زیر نظر تصویر دو سال قبل ڈاکٹر مبشر حسن کے گھر پر ان کے انٹر ویو کے بعد سیاسی کارکن و فوٹو جرنلسٹ طاہر محمود مودی نے کھینچی تھی ۔یہ وہی در و دیوار تھے جہاں شہید بھٹو نے قیام کیا تھا ۔وقت ہمیںیہ اعزاز دے رہا تھا کہ ہم قائد عوام کی موجودگی کے لمس سے سرشار ہو سکیں ۔انٹر ویو کے لیے روانہ ہونے سے پہلے شہید بھٹو کی رومانیت مجھے اپنے اندر گہری ہوتی محسوس ہو نے لگی تھی ۔دوران انٹر ویو میرے سوال کے جواب میں جب ڈاکٹر صاحب نے بتایا کہ جس کمرہ میں ہم نشست جمائے ہو ئے ہیں اسی میں شہید بھٹو قیام کرتے تھے ۔حتی کہ ڈاکٹر صاحب کے زیر استعمال آج بھی وہی بیڈ ہے جس پر شہید بھٹو سویا کرتے تھے ۔جیسے جیسے یہ احساسات بڑھتے جاتے تھے کہ ہم اپنے ہیرو کی یادوں سے سجے تاریخی کمرہ میں بیٹھنے کا شرف حاصل کر ر ہے ہیں ۔ویسے ویسے بھٹوصاحب کا سحر ہم پر غالب ہو تا جا رہا تھا ۔ایک گھنٹہ سے زائد جا ری رہنے والی نشست کا ایک ایک لمحہ میرے اندر شہید بھٹو کے رومانس کے دیپکوں کی تعداد میں اضافہ کر کے عشق بھٹو کے خمار کو بلندیوں پر پہنچا رہا تھا ۔ مستی و خمار کی اس کیفیت میں گو ہم واپس آ گئے مگر کئی ہفتوں تک شہید بھٹو کا لمس ہمارے ساتھ موجود رہا ۔دو دن قبل ڈاکٹر صاحب کی رحلت کے بعد متذکرہ لمحات انٹر ویو والے دن کی طرح مجھ پر غالب آنے لگے تو مجھے حیرت ہو رہی تھی کہ دنیا سے رخصت...
This study aims to generate thorough and comprehensive review of the teacher’s perspective and hands-on experience in mainstreaming LSENs in a regular classroom, including teachers’ attitudes and perceptions, challenges encountered, and teaching approach in handling mainstreamed classrooms. A scoping review framework by Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) systematically analyzed the data of the different articles conducted by various scholars. Through scrupulous and through selection of related studies, 10 articles were included in the review from 6 different countries across the globe. The articles included were conducted from 6 countries and various databases. The study highlighted that: 1) teachers have positive and negative attitudes towards mainstreaming, 2) teachers experienced various challenges in handling a mainstream classroom, and 3) learner-centered approach to learning is used in the classroom. Mainstreaming LSENs in a regular classroom has pros and cons among teachers, regular students, and the LSENs themselves. Hence, a daunting responsibility for the teachers. Nevertheless, it is imperative to support teachers by giving seminars and training, especially to those non-special education majors, to be fully equipped to handle mainstreamed classrooms.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cereal crop but its yield is stagnant in Pakistan for the last several years. A number of strategies have been proposed to overcome yield stagnation of rice. One such strategy is to develop rice cultivars with an ideal plant phenotype, possessing long heavy panicles, good photosynthetic proficiency and strong culms that are resistant to lodging. Using a similar approach several advance lines of rice has been developed by Dr. Fida Muhammad Abbasi at Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan by modifying the plant architecture of JP-5 and Basmati-385. These advance lines needs to be properly evaluated for their yield and yield attributing traits and molecular characterization for resistance to bacterial blight, presence of aroma and resistance characterization to local races of bacterial blight. Therefore in the present study 30 well performing homozygous advance lines and 6 cultivated varieties were subjected to the process of evaluation on the basis of morphological traits, physical grain quality, molecular analysis for the presence of aroma and bacterial blight (BB). In addition to the above mentioned experiments, a parallel experiment was design in order to pyramid four broad spectrum BB resistance genes (Xa4, xa5, xa13 and Xa21) in the background of Basmati-385. For this purpose Basmati-385 which is an indica variety and possess better grain quality but is susceptible to bacterial blight was crossed with IRBB59 which possess BB resistance genes xa5, xa13 and Xa21. A total 19 hybrid seeds (F0) were obtained and were grown in sterile petri plates. A large number of F2 plants were grown but only the progeny of 30 selected plants were advanced up to F5 generation. Marker assisted selection (MAS) as well as phenotypic selections were carried out in each successive generation. In the F5 generation two lines i.e., line-6 and line-14 were identified pyramided with all the four BB resistance genes. Our results demonstrate that the pyramided lines displayed a high level of resistance to all the three local isolates of Xoo used in this study. In the present study advance lines developed by Hazara University, along with cultivated check varieties of rice were evaluated on the basis of 29 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant variation among the advance lines and cultivated varieties of rice for all these traits. Moderate to high coefficient of variation (CV %), was noticed in all the measured traits with the exception of 1000 grains weight. Cluster analysis was performed to know the extent of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship among the genotypes. The data was subjected to the process of standardization prior to analysis. On the basis of quantitative traits, advance lines and cultivated varieties were allocated into three main groups (A, B and C) at a Euclidean distance of approximately 12 in the phylogenetic tree. The cluster A comprised of 10 genotypes including all the cultivated varieties except JP-5. The members of cluster A comprise mainly of genotypes that have relatively low yield and week plant morphology. Cluster B consist of 13 genotypes. These genotypes are high yielding and possess better plant morphology. Cluster C comprised of 11 genotypes including cultivated variety JP-5. Genotypes in this cluster have relatively high plant height and moderate yield as compared to genotypes in the other two clusters. The dendogram analysis thus showed that significant diversity exist among the genotypes that can be exploited for further improvement of these genotypes.