استفہام کے معانی و مفاہیم
لفظ استفہام باب فہم یفہم کے وز ن استفعال کا مصدر ہے، جس کے لغوی معنیٰ’’دریافت کرنا، سمجھنے کی خواہش کرنا،پوچھناَ ہیں۔[[1]]
ابن منظور افریقی لفظ استفہام سے متعلق لکھتے ہیں:
استفہام سے مراد "کسی چیز کو سمجھنا اور سمجھانا ہے۔"[[2]]
اصطلاح میں استفہام سے مراد ہے کہ:
"نا معلوم چیز کو ادوات استفہام سے جاننے کی کوشش کرنا"۔[[3]]
[[1]] فیروز الدین مولوی،فیروز اللغات،فیروزسنز، لاہور، ۴ ۲۰۱ء،ص۹۱۔
[[2]] افریقی ،ابن منظور ،محمد بن مکرم ،مکتبہ دار صادر،بیروت، ۲۰۱۰ء، مادة ف ه م۔
[[3]] ابن فارس،احمد بن فارس بن زکریا الرازی، الصاحبى فى فقه اللغة العربية ومسائلھا وسنن العرب فی کلامھا،تحقیق: ڈاکٹر مصطفیٰ الشواعی،دارالکتب العلمیہ،بیروت،۱۹۶۴ء، ص۱۸۱۔
Nigeria has been, for the last four decades, struggling with the menace of inter-religious hostilities between Christians and Muslims who formed the largest religious groups in the country. Numerous policies and programs brokered by various Governments and non-Governmental organizations to curtail the situation failed to yield the desired result. Islamic studies as one of the widely offered programs in the Nigerian universities has the prospect of offering solution to the predicament. However, the courses taught in the program are mainly studies on the Qur’an, Hadith, Tauhid, Ibadat, Fiqh, Islamic civilization, thought and history without single course on interfaith relations. Taking Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina (UMYUK)-Nigeria, as a study case, this paper attempts to draft and propose the inclusion of interfaith relations courses in the curriculum of Islamic Studies programs at the university level in Nigeria for realization of peaceful coexistence in the country. The researcher uses primary data from the Qur’an and sunnah as well as secondary data from different sources. The paper employs exegetical methods and adopts content analysis in the process of conducting the research. The article recommends merging of duplicated courses in the existing curriculum and inclusion of the proposed courses by the Nigerian universities and other institutions of higher learning that offer various Islamic studies programs for the attainment of peaceful interfaith relations in the country.
Human Resource (HR) is one of the important aspects for any organization to accomplishing its management
tasks in an effective manner. In this research, three human resource factors were studied and analysed for their
impacton project performance. These factors are chosen on the basis of project natureand these factors are
Leadership, Training &Compensation. The objectives of this research is to check the impact and significant
correlation of leadership, training and compensation on the project performance also to find out the reasons
of delay and how to boost-up the performance of this project.
The case project has been delayed by 1.5 years. There is need to increase the efficiency of this project by
addressing the three factors and analysing their significant correlation and impact on the project performance.
Data was collected through questionnaire from companies who formed joint venture for this project and their
departments specially HR department and different engineering departments which are working together on
this project.
This project needs strong leadership, effective training and comparatively high compensation for success. The
results were described by using descriptive statistics, check the validity through reliability analysis, analyzed
by Factor Analysis using Principal Component Analysis, Bivariate Correlation among the independent variables
(Leadership, Training and Compensation) and dependent variable (Project Performance) and Regression
analysis which shows results was reliable andmodel was best fit because the factors have a positive significant
impacton the performance of the project. The multiple regressions shows the significant impact of independent
variables (Leadership, training and Compensation) on dependent variable (Project Performance).