پروفیسر محمد اسلم مرحوم
یہاں بڑی تاخیر سے یہ افسوس ناک خبر ملی کہ پنجاب یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ تاریخ کے سابق استاد پروفیسر محمد اسلم ۶؍ اکتوبر کو اچانک حرکتِ قلب بند ہوجانے سے اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
ان کا خاص موضوع تاریخ ہند تھا، عہد سلطنت و دور مغلیہ کے حکمرانوں اور اس عہد کے مشائخ کے متعلق ان کے مقالات اور کتابوں کو علمی و تحقیقی حلقوں میں قدر و ستایش سے دیکھا گیا اور ان کی بڑی پذیرائی بھی ہوئی۔
طالب علمی کے زمانہ سے ہی تاریخ سے ان کو خاص لگاؤ رہا، پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے اسی مضمون میں انہوں نے ایم۔ اے کیا، مسلم یونیورسٹی علی گڑھ کے علاوہ انہوں نے برطانیہ میں ڈرہم، مانچسٹر اور کیمبرج یونیورسٹیوں سے بھی اکتساب علمی کیا۔ لاہور میں ڈاکٹریٹ کے لیے انہوں نے شاہجہاں کی مذہبی پالیسی کا عنوان منتخب کیا تھا، لیکن اس کی تکمیل سے پہلے ان کو یورپ جانے کا موقع ملا جس کی وجہ سے غالباً یہ مقالہ مکمل نہ ہوسکا۔
ان کی تحریری صلاحیتوں سے متاثر ہوکر شیخ محمد اکرام نے ان کو تحقیقی مضامین لکھنے پر آمادہ کیا، ۱۹۶۷ء سے یہ سلسلہ شروع ہوا تو برصغیر کے اکثر ممتاز رسائل و مجلات میں ان کی تحریریں شایع ہوتی رہیں، خاص طور پر رسالہ برہان دہلی کے صفحات پر ان کی نگارشات کثرت سے نظر آتی ہیں جن میں مقالات، تنقید و تقریظ اور تعزیتی مضامین وغیرہ شامل ہیں۔ معارف میں بھی ان کے کئی مضامین چھپے، دین الٰہی اور اس کا پس منظر، شاہان مغلیہ کا ذوق موسیقی، مسلمانوں کی جغرافیائی خدمات، فتوحات فیروز شاہی، مسجد قبا سے تاج محل تک، عربوں کے عہد میں سندھ میں علم و ادب، ہیر وارث شاہ کی تاریخی اہمیت، سلاطین دہلی، ہندو تہذیب اور ادب اور داراشکوہ کے...
Ideological Challenges of Atheism to the Muslim Societies and their Solutions from Islamic Perspective It’s a matter of fact that Muslim Societies are facing many socio-political and religious challenges within contemporary dominant waves of thought. One of the serious challenges being faced by the Muslim in the current scenario is Atheism. Although in past era, the Atheism couldn’t become influential with general acceptance of commoners but recently, the ideology of Atheism is spreading fast with statistically reported impact on all religions and civilizations. Atheism is a lack of belief in God, gods or any supernatural being along with the rejection of belief that any deities exist. The philosophy of atheism is nothing new, but it has changed its manifestations over a period. This is obvious that Atheism has now become a serious challenge ideologically and morally for Muslim societies. We are living in a fast-changing society, where preservation of Islamic belief is a challenging task particularly for the new young generation and modern educated lot. Atheists use every possible and available mean and tool for preaching their thoughts and beliefs i.e. Print media, electronic media and above all social media. In this context, this study will explore the questions that; what are the effects of Atheism in Muslim Societies and what is its solution in Islamic perspective? Analytical research methodology will be used in this study. This study perceives that the public and private sector universities are the soft target of Atheism. There is suggested legal, ethical & ideological mechanisms to protect Muslim Societies from threat of Atheism.
The epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep was investigated in farms of small farmers in Hyderabad district during the year of 2004-05. Faecal egg counts, packed cell volume, herbage larval counts, adult worm counts and inhibited/arrested development larvae from permanently grazing sheep were monitored. On the basis of the coproculture and necropsy, seven species of gastrointestinal nematodes were identified i.e. Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp, Ostertagia circumcincta, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichuris ovis, Oesphagostomum columbianum and Chabertia ovina. The overall prevalence rate of infection was 42.1 and 44.75 per cent on the basis of coprological examination and necropsy respectively. The results revealed that faecal egg counts (FEC), larval pasture counts, total worm counts (TWC) and packed cell volume (PCV) of sheep were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by seasonal variation (months). The FEC and TWC of sheep reached to the highest level during the rainy summer season (September) i.e.1913.4 and 920.8 respectively, while it declined to lower level during the dry season (February) i.e. 826.19 and 625.25. The arrested development larvae (L4) of H.contortus, O.circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Oe.columbianum were observed to occur from November to April and reached the peak in February i.e.511.4; whereas, L4 of S. papillosus, T. ovis and C. ovina did not show prone to arrest. The numbers of infective larvae (L3) on the pasture reached the peak of infectivity in August (1885) and declined to lower level in January (790). The PCV values of sheep were monitored during entire course of the study. There was highly decreased on PCV values of sheep during summer season (August) i.e. 24.88 percent and remained fluctuated during other seasons of the year. The drastic drop in PCV values were coincided with increased of FEC of sheep. During the year of 2005-06, the anthelmintic activity of Fumaria parviflora L. (Fumariaceae) whole plant, Adhatoda vasica (Acanthaceae) whole plant, Nigella sativa L. ( Ranunculaceae ) seeds, and Azadirachta indica L. ( Meliaceae) seeds were screened through the egg hatch and larval development assays in vitro. The results revealed that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of F. parviflora A. vasica, N. sativa and A. indica at the concentrations of 3.12, 6.3, 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 mg/ml exhibited ovicidal and larvicidal (P<0.05) against egg and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. All plant extracts showed dose-dependent (P<0.05). The inhibition rate of plant extracts on eggs and larvae was ranged between 9.3 - 96.0 percent. In the year of 2006-07, the field trials were conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of F. parviflora, A. vasica, N. sativa and A. indica extracts against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep using the faecal egg counts reduction test (FECRT) in vivo. In each plant treatment trial, the experimental animals (n=50) were divided into five groups (n=10) at random using age, weight, sex and level of helminth infections as the blocking factors and subjected to different treatment with single dose of plant extracts and/or commercial anthelmintic as follow: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups received single doses of 50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg and 200mg/kg respectively of respective plant extracts, while 4th group acted as a positive control group which was given a single dose of levamisole 7.5mg/kg (ICI® Pakistan) and 5th group served as negative control group and received no treatment. The results revealed a gradual reduction in FEC of experimental animals treated with different doses of different plant extracts and commercial anthelmintic drugs, and the difference was significant (P<0.05) on day 14 post treatment from day 0. The FEC decreased (P<0.05) significantly from day 3 onward to day 14 post treatment. F. parviflora extract exhibited the highest effect (P<0.05) in FEC reduction of experimental animals i.e. 77.6 and 70.5 percent for ethanolic and aqueous extracts respectively at the dose of 200mg/kg on the day 14 post-treatment. The effect of plant extracts on the haematological values also was discussed. The results of the study suggest that combination of strategic use of anthelmintic drugs and medicinal plant extracts could be useful for the control of gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep.