شاہ غلام خالد
ادھر کسی سال ناغہ نہیں جاتا کہ دارالمصنفین کو اپنے ارکان و مخلصین کی جدائی کا صدمہ نہ اٹھانا پڑے، ۲؍ اگست کو اس کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے ایک پر جوش، سرگرم، افعال اور مخلص رکن جناب شاہ غلام خالد صاحب نے داعئی اجل کو لبیک کہا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون، وہ اعظم گڑھ کے ممتاز اور کامیاب وکیل تھے، ان کی نانہال مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے خاندان میں تھی، ان سے اور ان سے نسبت رکھنے والے تمام اداروں سے مرحوم کو قلبی لگاؤ تھا، مدت دراز تک شبلی نیشنل کالج کے سرگرم ممبر اور اسسٹنٹ بلکہ عملاً سکریٹری رہے، انھوں نے بڑی جانفشانی سے اسکول اور کالج کو ترقی دی اور ان کے علمی و تعلیمی معیار اور ڈسپلن کو قائم رکھا، وہ بڑے دلیر اور دبنگ تھے کوئی بڑے اقدام کرنے میں ان کو ہچکچاہٹ نہیں ہوتی تھی، اب ان کی سرگرمی اور دلچسپی کا خاص مرکز دارلمصنفین ہوگیا تھا جس کے لیے مرتے دم تک سینہ سپر رہے، اور بڑے نازک اور بحرانی دور میں انھوں نے اس کی پوری مدد کی، اس موقع پر ان کا رعب و دبدبہ، جرأت و ہمت اور مقامی اثر و رسوخ بہت کام آیا، ان میں بڑی قوت عملی اور غیر معمولی صلاحیتیں تھیں جن سے دارالمصنفین اور اس کے کارکنوں کو بڑا فائدہ پہنچا، وہ گذشتہ کئی برس سے پیہم آفات و حوادث کا نشانہ بنے ہوئے تھے جس کا اثر ان کی صحت پر بھی پڑا، گذشتہ سال قلبی دورہ پڑا، بالآخر اسی بیماریٔ دل نے کام تمام کردیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ انھیں جنت نعیم عطا کرے اور متعلقین کو صبر جمیل دے۔ آمین!! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی،اگست ۱۹۹۰ء)
It would be essential to know the pre Islamic economic conditions first, then it would be better to know that what are the Islamic principles regarding trade and economics. This would make us understand the Islamic principles fully; also it would help us to comprehend the nature of Arabs who were the same people who after coming into the fold of Islam agreed to lay down their lives for the Islamic cause. Keeping this in view, we can precise how much Islam advocates the truth and dignity for individual and business. Pre Islamic era was a dark period. Arabs had limited sources of Income and they relied upon the piracy and loot and plunder. In Dark era poets boasted Arabs loot and glorified it in their poetries. No one can deny that Arabs had bravery in their blood, and they conceive courage from their mother's womb. They used to loot money from affluent in the day time and gave away to the needy who used to boast them in their poetries. This Article discusses the Arab’s economic conditions in pre-Islamic Era.
Economical production of industrial enzymes in higher yields has been an area of intensive research interest for the last many decades. In recent years, scientists have made tremendous progress in enzyme biotechnology that has opened up new opportunities for enzymes in molecular biology as well as industrial applications. Fungi belong to a group of organisms with the ability to produce different types of enzymes. The importance of fungi is not limited to their native products; they are also useful in the development and commercialization of new products through the modern techniques of mutagenesis and molecular biology. Enzyme production in higher yields is important for any biomedical or industrial application of enzymes. White rot fungi are efficient lignin degrading microorganisms that produce high activities of ligninolytic enzymes, including lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase. Manganese peroxidase has got tremendous applications in biomass utilization, bioremediation, pulp and paper industry, food technology, nanobiotechnology and medicine. With increasing new biotechnological and industrial applications of manganese peroxidase there is dire need to search for new and hyperproduccing enzyme sources. The various techniques for developing hyperproducing fungal strains are radiation and chemical mutagenesis, and genetic engineering. Chemical mutagenesis offers the possibility of a wider and more economical technique for developing mutant strains for producing biocatalysts in industry, waste treatment, medicine, and in the development of bioprocess monitoring devices like biosensors. Keeping in view the above mentioned facts, a study was conducted to develop a hyperproducing mutants of Coriolus versicolor IBL-04 through chemical mutagenesis. Two chemical mutagens ethedium bromide (EB) and ethyle methansuphonate (EMS) were used for mutational work and hyperprucing mutants in each case were selected on basis of MnP production in solid state fermentation. The physical and nutritional parameters for the production of MnP by native and selected mutants were optimized through one-factor-at-a-time optimization stratergy. Physico-chemical culture conditions, such as pH, tempature, moisture levels, inoculum size, C:N ratio, mediators and metal ions were optimized and maximum MnP activities by mutant strains EB-60 and EMS-90 were 2796 U mL -1 and 3140 U mL -1 , repectivelty, as compared to 1635 U mL -1 MnP actvity from native strain. An increase of 3.2-fold in enzyme production after mutagenesis and optimization of various parameters was achieved as compared to native strain. The MnPs produced by native and mutant strains were 1.4-5.5 fold purified through ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchangechromatography and gel filtration. The purified MnPs from from mutant strains had the molecular masses of around 43 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The enzymes from native , EB-60 mutant and EMS-90 mutant strains of Coriolus versicolor were compared in terms of their pH & temperature optima and kinetic characteristics. The lower K M and higher V max values from selected mutant strains suggested that the MnPs from mutants were more efficient and stable as compared to MnP from the native strain. The results of this work demostrated that the random chemical mutagenesis of Coriolus versicolor IBL-04 significantly enhanced MnP production under optimized laboratory conditions. Higher activities and thermo-stabilities of MnPs from mutant strains suggest the potential of mutant strains for commercial scale MnP production for diverse industrial applications.