بیماری سے بچاؤ کے لیے ریاست اور عوام کا کردار
بیماری ، عارضہ، مرض اور روگ یہ ہم معنی الفاظ ہیں۔ مرض اور بیماری صحت اور تندرستی کا متضاد ہے، انسانی اعضاء جب تک اپنے افعال کماحقہٗ سر انجام دیتے رہتے ہیں صحت و تندرستی برقرار رہتی ہے۔ اگر ان کے افعال کی بجا آوری میں رخنہ پیدا ہو جائے تو یہ مرض اور بیماری ہے۔ اس کا سبب خواہ خارجی عوامل ہوں یا اندرونی طور پر کوئی غیر مرئی طاقت برسر پیکار ہو! تندرستی اور صحت قدرت کی طرف سے ایک عظیم عطیہ ہے۔ اس نعمت خداوندی کے زیور سے مرصعّ انسان دیگر انعامات الٰہیہ سے بھر پور فائدہ اٹھایا جا سکتا ہے۔ لیکن اگر کسی کے آنگن میں گلشنِ صحت کے گلہائے رنگارنگ نہیں کھلے۔ بیماری اور مرض کے مہیب ومنحوس سایوں نے اسے اپنی لپیٹ میں لے رکھا ہے۔ بستر مرگ پر پڑا ہوا وہ نحیف شخص اپنی نقاہت بھری نظروں سے گلستان صحت و تندرستی میں محو پرواز طائران خوش الحان کو حسرت بھری نگاہ سے دیکھ تورہا ہے لیکن وہ کائنات کی رنگینیوں اور رعنائیوں سے بھی حظّ نہیں اُٹھاسکتا۔
تنگدستی اگر نہ ہو سالکؔ
The Musharraf formula refers to the resolution formula of the Kashmir conflict which was reportedly agreed upon during the one-to-one backchannel dialogue between Mr. Tariq Aziz, the former civil servant and close aide of the then President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf and Mr. Satinder Lambah, a special envoy of the Prime Minister of India. We now know some of the details of this formula from the article of the American journalist, Steve Coll which he had published in New Yorker in March 2009 and the book of Mr. Khursheed Mahmud Kasuri, Neither a Hawk, Now a Dove which was published in 2015. Prior to this Mr. Musharraf and Mr. Kasuri had already claimed in their TV interviews and press talks that by March 2007 India and Pakistan were very close to resolving the Kashmir conflict. This paper takes the details of that non-paper agreement and tries to study what exactly that agreement holds for the future resolution of the Kashmir conflict. The basic understanding is whenever the Pakistani and the Indian governments will take up the negotiations on the Kashmir conflict in future, this agreement is bound to come up in the talks as a starting reference point. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully look at this agreement and discuss what it entails for the resolution of the Kashmir conflict.
Inland fishing is common in Pakistan and is a vital component of human diet, source of food security, livelihoods and recreation. Despite being so much important, the freshwater fisheries have not yet been given proper attention in Pakistan. The fish stock in the rivers is continuously on the decline and destructive fishing practices on the increase, leading to serious decline of fishes in the inland rivers of the study area. The monetary losses for the neighboring communities and society resulting from such damage are more than the direct individual benefits made by the users of these destructive methods. Fishermen and people residing near water bodies are the main actors in fishery related issues and their knowledge and perceptions about destructive fishing practices and conservation of fishery resources are valuable. Therefore, this study was conducted in district Charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan to pinpoint the major socioeconomic drivers of destructive fishing practices, and its impact on fishermen livelihoods and fish consumption. Data was collected through a household survey from 286 households from nine fishermen concentrated villages of district Charsadda, using two stage cluster sampling method. The households were divided into three groups (Type I, Type II and Type III) in order to distinguish between households based on different characteristics. The fisher‘s socio-economic characteristics were analyzed through simple statistics such as frequencies, percentages, averages and standard deviations. Stepwise multiple linear regression models were used to identify the drivers of destructive fishing practices, multiple regression for factors affecting fish consumption and Livelihood Asset Pentagon for impact of destructive fishing practices on fishermen livelihoods.The stepwise multiple linear regression model revealed that out of a total of seven variables five were negatively and two positively correlated to DFPs. The results of livelihood asset pentagon revealed that fishermen livelihood assets deteriorated in the last fifteen years due to reduction in the size and amount of fishes in the rivers. The findings of this study led to specific recommendations for combating the problems of DFPs and policy measures to reduce pressure on fishery resources in the area, such as awareness and environmental education, creation of alternative livelihoods opportunities and involvement of community in the conservation of natural resources.