Performance of Banking Industry After Privatization in Pakistan: A Case Study of Mcb Bank Limited

This research work aims to investigate the impact of privatization on the performing efficiency of MCB Bank Limited Privatization and the phenomenon of denationalization after the failure of socialism and communism globally. As the direction of enteritis was predetermined by state which in long term affected the performance of state-owned entities on many fronts even they reached at the verge of collapse and state was compelled to inject capital for their survival. Ultimately the state took drastic steps and initiated the process of denationalization and privatization to keep the industry intact in the changed scenario. In 1974, during Z.A. Bhutto regime Pakistan’s banking industry was nationalized with prime objective to address the issues of backward segments of economy but unfortunately after privatization industry was used for political motives and witnessed poor performance and financial indiscipline due to frequent interference in the affairs of banks particularly in lending activities and hiring of inefficient human resources. Resultantly banks failed to deliver as per expectation of masses and could not deliver quality customer services on one hand and accumulation of infected portfolio on the other which in turn swallowed the profitability and the capital of banks. It is revealed that bank has tremendously performed in all Key Performing Indicators, it has improved its profitability manifold, deposit base is significantly enhanced and became more liquid and solvent.

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Screening of Some New N and O Containing Heterocyclic Compounds

The derivatives of isocoumarins, coumarins and 1,2,4-triazoles are prominent biological agents used as a cure against a number of human ailments. The present work deals with their synthesis. 3-(Halobenzyl)isocoumarins (5a-i) were synthesized by condensation of 2-(halophenyl)acetyl chlorides (3a-i) with homophthalic acid (4) at elevated temperature. 3-(Halobenzyl)isocoumarins (5a-i) were converted into 3-(halobenzyl)-3,4- dihydroisocoumarins (8a-i) via ketoacids (6a-i) and hydroxyacids (7a-i). 3- (Halobenzyl)isocoumarins (5a-i) converted to their thio analogues (10a-i) by treating with Lawesson’s reagent (11) while their nitrogen analogues (12a-i) were obtained by passing ammonia into the solution of 3-(halobenzyl)isocoumarins (5a-i) in 2-ethoxy ethanol. These synthesized compounds were evaluated for urease inhibition and anti- inflammatory activity. 3-(Halobenzyl)isocoumarins (5a-i) and ketoacids (6a-i) exhibited moderate urease inhibition activity. While others showed non significant activity. The isoquinolinone (12c) showed anti-inflammatory activity higher than standard compound i-e indomethacin while all other compounds showed non significant anti-inflammation. Reaction of hitherto unknown 4-chloro-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (16a) with different commercially availble anilines (19a-l) gave respective 3-(trifluoroacetyl) - 4-(arylamino)-2H-chromen-2-one (20a-l) which were then successfully cyclized to 7- (trifluoromethyl)-6H-chromeno[4,3-b]quinolin-6-ones (21a-l) using conc. H2SO4. The synthesis of 4-aryl-3-(trifluoroacetyl)-2H-chromen-2-ones (18a-n) was accomplished by Suzuki coupling reaction of 4-chloro-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (16a) and aryl boronic acids (17a-n). Synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles (31a-o) was carried out by dehydrative cyclization of thiosemicarbazides (20a-o) which in turn were synthesized by addition of hydrazides (29a-i) on isothiocyanate (27m-n). These triazoles showed moderate antibacterial activity. Finally the synthesized 1,2,4-triazoles (31a-o) were evaluated for their toxicity and these showed low toxicity.