دیکھو کب سے گم بیٹھا ہے
جانے کس کو سوچ رہا ہے
جانے تیرے دل میں کیا ہے
مجھ کو سمجھ نہیں آتا ہے
میں تو مدّت سے تنہا ہوں
حیرت سے کیوں دیکھ رہا ہے
دل میں سارا کرب چھپا کر
اک کورا کاغذ بھیجا ہے
پیار ، محبت کرنے والا
کورا کاغذ پڑھ سکتا ہے
دل اجڑا سا اسٹیشن ہے
اور اک شخص وہاں اترا ہے
جب تُو پہلی بار ملا تھا
تب سے تُو دل میں رہتا ہے
ساہی وال کو جاتے رستے
تُو کتنا اچھا لگتا ہے
ساہی وال محبت میری
یہ میرے دل میں بستا ہے
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that empha-sizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. Humanism as a philosophy today can be as little as a perspective on life or as much as an entire way of life; the common feature is that it is always focused primarily on human needs and interests. Humanism is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Humanism derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibility for its own destiny. Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality. Islam rejects the basic philosophical premise that humans rather than God are the measure of all things and that all intrinsic moral values are derived from human desires and needs. Islam, like other Semitic religions, teaches that God is the ultimate source of all moral values. Humanistic psych-ology concepts are too vague. Critics argue that subjective ideas such as authentic and real experiences are difficult to objectify; an experience that is real for one individual may not be real for another person. For this reason, critics believe that conclusions drawn from subjective experiences are almost impossible to verify, making research in humanistic psych-ology unreliable. In addition, critics claim that humanistic psychology is not a true science because it involves too much common sense and not enough objectivity.
Background: Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) continues to be a challenge due to the complexity of the causative organism and the wide array of pathologic features seen in this infection. A number of studies have shown polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for EPTB to be a feasible, sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) of which, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has given recommendations. As pertains EPTB, Xpert MTB/RIF may be used in place of conventional tests such as microscopy, histopathology and culture in lymph nodes and other tissues from patients suspected to have EPTB. It has been demonstrated that Xpert MTB/RIF can be used for fresh or frozen tissues specimens with good results. However, the use of formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues, a widely available and rich source of clinical material, on the Xpert platform is yet to be described.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential utility of Xpert MTB/RIF in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from FFPE tissues with histological features suggestive of tuberculosis. We compared Xpert MTB/RIF to histology for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from FFPE tissues. In those cases with a positive Xpert result, we determined the prevalence of rifampicin resistance in EPTB.
Methods: Eighty randomly selected archived FFPE tissues exhibiting histological features suggestive of TB (necrotizing granulomatous inflammation, non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation, chronic inflammation, necrotizing inflammation and suppurative inflammation) from January 1, though December 31, 2014 were retrieved. All the cases were subjected to microscopic evaluation of Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) slides. With prior deparaffinization and lysis, all cases were also subjected to the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Only 79 cases were included in the final analysis. This was after exclusion of one case due to an error in the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. The outcome measures were proportions of positively identified cases by each test. The data were analysed using chi - square test.
Results: Xpert MTB/RIF assay detected 32.9% more cases than microscopy (53.2% versus 20.3%) which was statistically significant, (p= 0.002). None of the cases tested positive for rifampicin resistance. Seven cases however, had an indeterminate rifampicin resistance result.
Conclusion: With prior deparaffinization and lysis, FFPE tissues can also be subjected to the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. A validation study to determine the clinical utility of this assay for FFPE tissues is recommended.