سید عبدالحکیم دیسنوی
سیدی صاحب کے متعلقین میں دوسرا حادثہ عبدالحکیم صاحب دیسنوی کی وفات کا ہے، وہ رشتہ میں سید صاحبؒ کے چچا ہوتے تھے، مگر دونوں میں حقیقی چچا بھتیجے جیسے تعلقات تھے، دونوں ایک دوسرے کو بہت مانتے تھے، مرحوم سید صاحبؒ کی ہر ترقی اور ہر اعزاز پر بے انتہا مسرور ہوتے تھے، سید صاحبؒ بھی اپنے تمام نجی حالات اور علمی و قومی مشاغل کی اطلاع برابر ان کو دیتے رہتے تھے۔ اس لیے سید صاحبؒ کے مکاتیب کا سب سے بڑا ذخیرہ ان ہی کے پاس تھا۔ دونوں میں ۱۹۰۴-۵ء سے لے کر سید صاحبؒ کی وفات ۱۹۵۴ء یعنی تقریباً نصف صدی تک خط و کتابت رہی، یہ سارے خطوط سید عبدالحکیم صاحب نے محفوط رکھے اور سید صاحب کی وفات کے بعد دارالمصنفین کے حوالہ کردیئے جو اس کا بڑا قیمتی سرمایہ ہیں۔
سید عبدالحکیم صاحب کی تعلیم بہت معمولی تھی، لیکن ذوق علمی رکھتے تھے اور کتابوں کے مطالعہ سے انھوں نے اچھی خاصی استعداد بہم پہنچائی تھی، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ دیسنہ کا اردو کتب خانہ ہے، یہ کتب خانہ اس لحاظ سے ہندوستان میں بے مثل ہے کہ اس میں اردو کی اکثر مطبوعہ کتابیں اور پرانے اخبارات و رسائل کے مکمل فائل موجود ہیں جو دوسرے کتب خانوں میں مشکل سے مل سکتے ہیں، یہ کتب خانہ زیادہ تر سید عبدالحکیم صاحب کی کوشش کا نتیجہ ہے۔ انھوں نے اس کو اپنی زندگی کا مقصد بنالیا تھا، اردو کے شائقین اور اس کے ریسرچ اسکالر دور دور سے اس کو دیکھنے اور اس سے فائدہ اٹھانے کے لیے جاتے ہیں۔ سید صاحبؒ سے تعلق کی بناء پر مرحوم کو دارالمصنفین سے بڑا گہرا تعلق تھا، اگرچہ وہ اس کے کوئی عہدہ دار یا رکن نہ تھے لیکن اس کی ہواخواہی میں سب سے...
Last revelation namely al- Quran has addressed the human beings in an eloquent way using all types of expressions and diction. The divine method of articulation for holy commandments is miraculous and opts all appealing techniques of communications that also includes use of homographs and metaphors. The word that are spelled the same but have different meaning are called Homographs. The reciter andreader of the Quran faces some difficulty in deciding the meaning of a Homographs used in the Quran that leads to difference of opinions. In the books of Quranic Sciences this term is called Mushtarak al –Lafzi. The article has been aimed to elaborate what is Mushtarak al –Lafzi and what are the impact of vagueness originated from these words of the Quran on Quranic exegesis. Some examples have been produced fromthe books of Quranic Studies regarding its influence on exegetical literature.
ZnO based diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) have been extensively studied during last decade because of their potential applications in spintronic devices. The search for completely new DMS materials with room temperature (RT) ferromagnetism, as well as designing and modification in existing DMS materials are some important and recent issues regarding DMSs. The achievement of RT ferromagnetism in these materials is itself a great challenge. The controversies among researchers suggest that ferromagnetic behavior and its origin in DMSs depends on composition, synthesis conditions, annealing parameters and additional dopants for varying the concentration of carriers as well. A meaningful devotion has been given to magnetic elements (Mn, Ni, Co, and Fe) doped ZnO. Moreover, these compositions have also been treated with some additional thermal treatments and doping of Al for brief and consequential observations. An attention to bulk materials has also been given in this research for more precise studies. We have successfully synthesized the phase pure compositions of Zn0.95Mn0.05O, Zn0.95-xMn0.05AlxO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10), Zn0.95Ni0.05O, Zn0.95Co0.05O and Zn0.90Co0.05Al0.05O DMSs using sol-gel based auto-combustion and chemically derived co-precipitation techniques. XRD studies revealed the formation of phase pure compositions in most cases without any second or impurity phase. However, some traces of manganese oxide in Mn doped ZnO in Ni doped ZnO were detected in samples thermally treated at higher temperatures and synthesized with co-precipitation technique, respectively. EDX analysis confirmed the incorporation of utilized dopants into ZnO matrix. Morphological studies by SEM and FESEM were carried out to analyze the proportion, uniformity, quality and size of grains. Temperature dependent electrical resistivity measurements depicted the semiconducting behavior of materials. Room temperature ferromagnetism was successfully achieved in Zn0.95Mn0.05O composition. The similar composition of Mn doped ZnO was thermally annealed at various temperatures (400, 600, and 800 °C) for 8 hours. It was observed that crystallinity of the samples improved with increase of temperature of thermal treatment. This improvement in crystallinity also affected the resistivity and magnetization attributed to the dependence of physical properties upon structural arrangement. Temperature dependent electrical resistivity measurements showed a decreasing trend with the doping of Al in ZnMnO, which is attributable to the enhancement of free carriers. The results indicate that Al doping results in significant variation in the concentration of free carriers and correspondingly the carrier-mediated magnetization. Auto-combustion and co-precipitation techniques were employed to prepare the Zn0.95Ni0.05O samples. Room temperature ferromagnetism was detected only in sample synthesized with auto-combustion technique. It was confirmed that synthesis techniques strongly influenced the various properties of diluted magnetic semiconductor materials. Room temperature magnetic measurements reveal the absence of ferromagnetism in Co doped ZnO, while Co and Al co-doped sample display the clear room temperature ferromagnetic behavior. The decrease of resistivity and presence of ferromagnetic behavior in Al doped ZnCoO system corroborates the significant role of free carriers.