منشی محمد حنیف
بمبئی کے خطوط سے منشی محمد حنیف صاحب کے انتقال کی خبر معلوم کرکے بڑا صدمہ ہوا، ان کی جوانی مدرسۃ الاصلاح سرائمیر کی خدمت میں گزری، پھر بمبئی گئے، اﷲ نے کاروبار میں بڑی برکت دی۔ ہر طرح کی فارغ البالی کے باوجود نہ دین سے شغف میں کمی آئی اور نہ مدرسۃ الاصلاح کی محبت میں فرق آیا۔ اس کی ترقی و فلاح کے لیے برابر فکرمند رہتے۔ دارالمصنفین سے بھی خاص لگاؤ تھا، اس کے لائف ممبر تھے، مولانا شاہ معین الدین احمد ندوی اور سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن صاحب سے بڑے مخلصانہ روابط تھے، ان حضرات کی بمبئی اور اپنے گاؤں آندھی پور میں پر تکلف دعوتیں کرتے، مجھ پر بھی بڑی شفقت فرماتے۔ اب ایسے شریف، بامروت، وضع دار اور مخلص لوگ نایاب ہوتے جارہے ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ غریقِ رحمت کرے اور متعلقین و اعزہ کا غم زائل کرے!! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مئی ۱۹۹۸ء)
Freedom of Expression: A Comparative Study from Islamic & Western Perspective Living on the earth is all about freedom and as we know that the first man on the earth Adam was sent on the earth with the freedom to worship only to Allah. This freedom is a blessing of Allah and the value of it would only be judged in the era of slavery. It is an ultimate principle in Islam that the total submission is to be Allah alone. Thus, a man would never be a slave of any other person and whenever they become a slave to any other authority they are treated inhumanly. Allah (SW) made this glorious world for human beings and granted them the status of Ashraf ul Makhlūq. Human has such value which can be testified by this reason that everything is tightened to them and the world is only created for them. But human can only be benefited from the world till they are better for them and others, living friendly and create atmosphere of peace. So, till the end they will be benefited and blessed. They will also be in peace and freedom if they take care and have the respect for humanity. As man is a social animal and doesn’t live without his community. Sometimes due to controversy in thinking and other routes fall in conflicts, for which a proper law is administered. The differences in views are not forbidden. It is important, not to cross limits and to create peaceful atmosphere in order to rest humanity in peace and make the world peaceful. This article deals with the comparison of Islamic freedom of expression and the modern Western criterion of freedom of speech. The study concludes that the Islamic and western thought on freedom is different from each other. In this study comparative and critical approach is adopted.
Syllabus Designing for Teaching of English at Intermediate Level in Pakistani Colleges The present study aimed at identifying weak areas of the syllabus of English for Intermediate level that hamper the teaching and learning process, and to suggest changes to align it with teaching and learning requirements and needs of the students in an age of science, technology and commerce. Giving rationale of the study, the researcher discussed the need of evaluating the syllabus. He established the necessity of the research work in perspective of the phenomenon of change, mass failure of students, lack of skills and intellectual and creative incapacity of the students. He set the research questions and objectives of the study. The researcher discussed various aspects of syllabus design and evaluation of syllabus in literature review. They include: basic concept of syllabus; needs analysis; impact of situational factors; aims and objectives; concept of proficiency; learning styles; various approaches to syllabus design; methodology; role and design of instructional materials; selection and grading; and tools of evaluation of syllabus. The researcher adopted quantitative and qualitative techniques. The population comprised Intermediate students, Graduation students, teachers of English, parents and members of the Curriculum Committee. The choice was made by convenient sampling technique. The size of the population was 1000 Intermediate students, 500 Graduation students, 600 teachers and 1000 parents. The questionnaires were sent to every segment of population in numbers exceeding the actual population size of each segment. The questionnaires returned from Intermediate students, Graduation students, teachers and parents were 1040, 460, 340 and 480 respectively. The research tools used were questionnaires, group discussion, and evaluation tools selected from certain linguists. The data analysis manifested that almost all the respondents from all categories of population criticised the present syllabus in perspective of its aims and objectives, needs, contents, methodology, and styles of learning. The application of evaluation tools also demonstrated gross level flaws in the syllabus contents and textbooks. The researcher gave his finding derived from the data analysis and the evaluation. They included these observations: the evaluation of the syllabus had not been carried out since 1972; needs analysis was never conducted. Listening and speaking skills were never included in the syllabus. The syllabus was failing in producing proficiency of language in the students. On the basis of the analysis and the finding, the researcher gave recommendations for an effective syllabus. They included: periodical evaluation of the syllabus and needs analysis process; shifting of contents from literature based to skills based; making the syllabus dominantly communicative and task based; and inclusion of certain contents in the syllabus. He also suggested syllabus contents for Intermediate level of education. The researcher concluded the research with a note of optimism and best wishes for the future of ELT in Pakistan.