مولانا محمد جعفر شاہ پھلواروی
مولانا محمد جعفر شاہ، پھلواروی شریف(بہار)کے ایک نامی گرامی خانوادۂ علم و تصوف کے چشم وچراغ تھے، ندوۃ العلماء لکھنؤ میں تعلیم پائی تھی، فراغت کے بعد ادھر اُدھر رہے۔ آخرپاکستان گورنمنٹ کی سرپرستی میں لاہور میں ادارۂ ثقافت اسلامیہ قائم ہوا تومولانا اس سے ایسے وابستہ ہوئے کہ عمر وہیں گزار دی۔ اس دور میں انھوں نے’’المعارف‘‘میں مقالات لکھے اور متعدد اہم اورفکرانگیز کتابیں بھی تصنیف کیں۔ ان کی کتاب’’اسلام اورموسیقی‘‘اورمسائل اجتہادیہ پربعض حلقوں میں کافی شورش ہوئی لیکن مرحوم کے موقف میں کوئی تبدیلی پیدا نہیں ہوئی۔ان کی علمی استعداد پختہ تھی، مطالعہ وسیع تھا، طبیعت غوروفکر کی عادی تھی اور ان کا جوہر ذہانت وطباعی خداداد اورفطری تھا۔۱۹۶۹ء اور۱۹۷۶ء میں ان سے لاہور میں متعدد ملاقاتیں ہوئیں، جب کبھی ملے توبڑے تپاک اورمحبت سے ملے، ایک مرتبہ گھر پر مدعو بھی کیا۔ میں نے ہمیشہ یہ محسوس کیا کہ مرحوم اپنی تحریروں کے آئینہ میں جس قدر آزاد خیال نظرآتے ہیں، عقیدہ و عمل اوراخلاق وشمائل کے اعتبار سے اسی درجہ کے پکے اورسچے مسلمان اور عالم باعمل تھے۔ ادارۂ ثقافت اسلامیہ لاہور سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد وہ لاہور سے کراچی میں سکونت پذیر اورگوشہ نشین ہوگئے تھے۔اللھم اغفرلھماوارحمھما [جولائی۱۹۸۲ء]
In our contemporary world the role of bank has increased manifold. Banks whether it be traditional or Islamic play a pivotal role in the economic life of a nation. In fact, modern banks are instrumental in shaping destiny of nations and thus are responsible for the growth and development of societies. Banks perform multiple functions such as safeguard people’s wealth, create jobs, provide capital for new ventures, generate investment opportunities and enhance business environment. Modern banks are the main source of circulation of money leading to wealth multiplication in the national economy. Parallel to traditional banking there exists Islamic banking system which not only prohibits interest but lays emphasis on cent percent obedience to the laws and injunctions laid down by Islamic principles. Islamic bank forbids money earn through nefarious means and allows only permissible means according to the principles of shariah. The Islamic banking system is based on principles beneficial to the society as well guarantees stability and better prospects for the people of a country. In modern times the role of institutions like banks has grown to such an extent that their existence has become inevitable for socio-economic survival and progress.
Background: Preconception care (PCC) is an important form of primary health care that aims to identify risks, offer patient education and evidence based interventions prior to conception in order to improve maternal and fetal short and long term health outcomes. Despite the benefits of PCC, the global levels of utilization are still low, more so in developing countries and in the rural settings. This study aimed to determine the difference in the level and determinants of PCC in both urban and rural settings in Kenya. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to compare PCC among pregnant women in Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUH, N) (urban) and Maragua Level Four Hospital (MLFH) (rural). The secondary objective was to determine the factors affecting PCC among pregnant women in the two hospitals. Design and Methodology: Unselected pregnant women seeking antenatal care (ANC) were recruited consecutively at the Mother and Child Health (MCH) clinics in AKUH, N and MLFH. The study design was a mixed method study that employed a cross-sectional approach to determine the level of PCC, using a 5-10 minutes self-administered questionnaire, and a qualitative approach to assess factors affecting PCC using a semi-structured interview guide. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Qualitative interviews were transcribed verbatim, a thematic framework was thereafter manually constructed through coding, creating categories, sub-themes and themes. Indexing, charting, mapping and data interpretation were thereafter carried out. Results: A total of 194 pregnant women were recruited, 97 in each setting (rural and urban). Of these, 21 women were selected through purposive sampling to participate in in-depth interviews for the qualitative aspect of the study. Saturation of themes occurred after 13 interviews (7 at AKUH and 6 at MLFH) after which 4 more interviews were conducted at each site to confirm saturation. Of the total participants, 25.8% received PCC. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in PCC between the rural and urban participants with an OR of 0.3 (0.19-0.72, 95 % CI). Univariate analysis of possible related factors showed that age, marital status, education, parity and occupation had potential effect on PCC. Transcription, coding and thematic analysis of the in-depth interviews yielded 97 categories which were merged into 39 sub-themes and subsequently into 12 main themes. Eleven of the main themes were identified as factors affecting PCC while one theme contained suggested strategies of increasing PCC awareness and utilization. The dominant themes