سید صدیق حسن
سخت افسوس ہے ۶؍ ستمبر کویوپی گورنمنٹ کے سب سے زیادہ سنیئر آئی سی ایس، ممبرریونیو بورڈ سیدصدیق حسن صاحب نے اچانک داعیِ اجل کولبیک کہا اور اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے۔انتقال سے صرف پانچ روز پہلے یعنی یکم ستمبر کو عصر کی نماز کے بعد دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء لکھنؤ کی مجلسِ انتظامیہ کاجلسہ تھا، مرحوم سے وہاں ملاقات ہوئی،حسب عادت بڑے تپاک اور گرم جوشی سے ملے۔ جلسہ کے اختتام پر ہم سب کے ساتھ مسجد ندوہ میں مغرب کی نماز پڑھی، باہر نکلے توراقم الحروف اوردوسرے حضرات کے ساتھ دس پندرہ منٹ بات چیت کرتے رہے اور پھر مولانا عبدالماجدصاحب دریابادی کواپنے ساتھ لے کر کارمیں بیٹھ کر رخصت ہوگئے۔ اس وقت دیکھنے میں کافی تندرست اور ہشاش بشاش تھے اوراس بات کا وہم وگمان بھی نہیں ہوسکتا تھا کہ بس اب عالمِ آب وگِل میں پانچ دن کے مہمان ہیں۔ پاکستان میں ایک قریبی عزیز کاانتقال ہوگیاتھا، اُن کی تعزیت کرنے کی غرض سے اپنی بیوی اور بیٹی کے ساتھ لاہور جارہے تھے ،امرتسر پہنچ کر کسٹم وغیرہ کے مراحل سے گزرنے کے لیے ایک متعلق افسر کی میز کے سامنے جاکر کھڑے ہوئے اور جیب سے پاسپورٹ نکال کرافسر مذکور کی طرف بڑھارہے تھے کہ وقتِ موعود آپہنچا ،یک بیک دل کی حرکت بندہوگئی اور دھڑام سے زمین پر گر پڑے ، لوگوں نے دیکھا تومرغِ روح قفسِ عنصری سے پرواز کر چکا تھا۔ ’’انا ﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون ‘‘۔
مرحوم کی شخصیت عجیب وغریب کمالات واوصاف کی جامع تھی،حکومت کے اعلیٰ افسر ہونے کی حیثیت سے نہایت لائق وقابل، بڑے نیک نام اور حکومت اور پبلک دونوں کی نگاہ میں معتمد اورقابلِ احترام تھے۔ ہرمعاملہ میں سرکاری ہو یا غیرسرکاری اُن کی ایمان داری اوردیانت پرسب کاایمان تھا۔ ضرورت مندوں کے ساتھ ہمدردی وغمگساری اور عملاًان کی امداد واعانت...
Among the amazing variety of forms of poetic expression by the folk of the Punjab region, this essay has selected three genres: mahiya, dhola and jugni. The study is meant to compare these three genres of Punjabi folklore, in their evolution, structure, expression and themes. The study finds that the three genres are very old in time origin and tracing their exact origins in history is impossible, only few hints are available. Their structures are variable, as mahiya has a fixed structure, dhola has rather loose structure giving more freedom to the singer-poet, and jugni has a specific meter in certain lines, but it has freedom to repeat some lines for perfect expression of the melody. The structures in fact follow the tunes, distinct for each genre. Three genres have many themes common, but jugni has spirituality as dominant theme, dhola has expression of love as dominant them and mahiya has now become quite inclusive, but it originated as expression of love and it still retains that character in its core. The folk heart of Punjab has endeared these three genres so much that these are appreciated far and wide in original tunes, but new experiments of tunes and themes are also underway. Being a true mirror of simple unsophisticated villagers these folk songs would lose popularity if these villagers become sophisticated hence the need for their preservation is highlighted in this study.
The aim of present work is to investigate the sorption capacity of salvadora persica, activated carbon, chitosan and chemically modified chitosan for heavy metals from dilute solutions. Salvadora persica was converted into powdered form and characterized by using Infrared spectroscopy. It has various organic compounds and these compounds contain sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen in their skeletons and behave superbly as coordinating ligands for cations present in the aqueous solution and hence causing effective sorption. Activated carbon was also prepared from salvadora persica under vacuum at 673 K with different soacking time. The prepared activated carbons were characterized using Surface Area Analyzer. Percentage yield of the prepared activated carbons in different heating times prior to washing was different. The activated carbon yields obtained at 673 K were 54.78 %, 52.27 % and 50.31 % at 30, 45 and 60 min heating time, respectively. The yield of activated carbons decreased as the heating duration increased. Surface area decreased from 375 to 27 m2/g. 4-Acryloylmopholine was reacted with chitosan to alter it chemically .The aim of treatement was to enhance binding sites for heavy metals ions. The amended chitosan holds different binding sites (chelating centers) in the form of oxygen and nitrogen. Different techniques were applied to illustrate the amended chitosan. Activated carbons, powdered salvadora persica, chitosan and the chemically modified chitosan were used as sorbents for different cations (Cu 2+, Cd 2+, Pb 2+ and Ni 2+ ). Among these cations copper showed highest sorption ability as compared to other and the sorption properties were in agreement with that of the Langmuir model. The activated carbon prepared at 30 min heating time, showed maximum sorption capacities for cations due to its larger surface area. The Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin models (both linear and non linear methods) were used to assess the experimental statistics. For activated carbon and powdered salvadora persica, lower errors were shown by type one (I) of the Langmuir model as compared to Freundlich and Temkin models, so it is the appropriate model to explain the sorption phenomenon. Among the linear forms of the Langmuir isotherms, low error values were given by type four (IV) than other linear forms of Langmuir and the Freundlich model but higher than that of Temkin model, which shows that Temkin model fits better to the experimental data of chemically modified chitosan.