یہ ناداں گر گئے سجدے میں جب وقت قیام آیا
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے: ’’یہ ناداں گر گئے سجدے میں جب وقت قیام آیا‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
ہر کام کا وقت مقرر ہے ، چمنستان میں گل نرگس کی شگفتگی کا ایک وقت ہے، نکہت باد بہاری کا ایک وقت ہے، کھیت اورکھلیان کے کشتِ زعفران بننے کا وقت ہے، طائر غور وفکر کی پرواز کا ایک وقت ہے، طفلانِ خود معاملہ کے عالم شباب میں پہنچنے کا ایک وقت ہے۔
صدرِمحترم!
انسان اشرف المخلوقات ہے ،شرف و بزرگی کا تاج اس کے سر سجا ہوا ہے، مجدی وسروری کی خلعتِ فاخرہ اس نے زیب تن کی ہوئی ہے ،عقل وشعور کی دولت سے مالا مال ہے ، مسجود الملائکہ کے خطاب سے نوازا گیا ہے۔ لیکن اسے بھی مسند رفیعہ کا صد رِنشیں بننے میں ایک وقت درکار ہے اس کوبھی منازل اپنے وقت پر ملتی ہیں۔
جنابِ صدر!
کام کو وقت پر کرنا ایک دانشمندی ہے، کمرۂ تدریس میں کتاب پر بھر پور توجہ عقلمندی ہے، مجاہد کی نظریاتی و جغرافیائی سرحدوں کی حفاظت دانشمندی ہے۔ خطیب کی اپنے خطبے کے لیے مکمل تیاری دانائی ہے، تاجر کی تجارت میں مکمل شمولیت عقلمندی ہے، زمستانی ہوائوں میں گرم لباس کا استعمال دانشمندی ہے، موسم گرما کی مسموم ہواؤں میں ہلکا پھلکا لباس استعمال کر نادانائی ہے۔
صدرِمحترم!
اگر کوئی جتنا بھی فطین ہے، ذہانت و فطانت کے میدان کا شاہسوار ہے، عقل وخرداس کے گھر کی لونڈی ہے، شعور وآگہی کی فاختاؤں نے اس کے گھر میں موجو دشجر سایہ دار پر اپنا آشیانہ بنا رکھا ہو، اس کی عقل...
Abstract By preserving and narrating hadīth, a chain of narrators was started to maintain its authenticity. When the experts of hadīth realized that some unreliable transmitters might try to fabricate Hadīth, this work started more systematically. Even the chain gradually attained such importance that every Muhaddīth was concerned much about it. In the second century of Hijra, when the teaching and learning of hadīth became the standard of honor and great respect, some people devoted their lives to this work. They travelled to many countries of world and obtained the knowledge of Hadīth from prominent scholars of their time. Experts of Asmā-ul-Rijāl awarded them the certificate of holding the highest position of trust and credibility. The chains having such trustworthy transmitters are considered to be of higher rank than others. Among such traditions there is also one "Mālik-an-Nāfi'-an-Ibn-e-Umar". Due to the reliability of its narrators, Imām Bukhāri and many other Muhaddithīn considered it as "golden chain". When some of the Orientalists started raising objections to the Prophetic Hadīth, they criticized the narrators of the Hadīth as well. Especially the narrators who were declared trustworthy and reliable by Muslim scholars. For this, they especially criticized Abu Hūraira from among the companions and Imām Zuhri among the Successors. The chain of hadīth, (Mālik an-Nāfi' an-Ibn e Umar) “golden chain” was also seriously criticized by Joseph Schacht and Juynboll etc. In this article, a comparative study of the viewpoints of the Muhaddithīn and the Orientalists regarding the chain “Mālik an-Nāfi' an-Ibn eUmar” is presented.
Various bioactivities of different solvent extracted samples from the leaves and rhizomes of Acorus calamus were performed in this study which confirmed its enormous medicinal and economic importance. The results revealed that these bioactivities were affected by the plant part used and the solvents employed for extraction. This might be due to the uneven distribution of active ingredients in these plant parts and the different polarities of the solvents used. Furthermore, disc diffusion and well diffusion assays used in the study also affected the bioactivity of these extracted samples. Additionally, these results confirmed inferior bioactivities of the commercially available rhizome in comparison to its shade-dried counterpart. A novel, cost-effective and indigenous micro-propagation protocol for the endangered A. calamus was also successfully developed. Shade-dried rhizome showed comparatively more antibacterial potential (from 19.42% to 86.51% activity), followed by leaves (from 18.45% to 82.71% activity) and then commercially available rhizome (from 18.57% to 48.38% activity). On the other hand, this rhizome was only slightly better than leaves with regard to antifungal potential while its commercially available counterpart revealed insignificant antifungal potency. The leaves, however, showed more profound anti-yeast potential (from 43.53% to 93.33% activity) than both the shade-dried (from 47.06% to 73.80% activity) and commercially available rhizomes (from 43.33% to 59.73% activity), and also exhibited better radical scavenging ability (from 74.90% to 98.09% activity) with ethyl acetate discovered as the solvent of choice for the extraction of antioxidants. HPLC analysis revealed that Gallic acid was present in comparatively more amount in the shade-dried rhizome (38.42 mg.g-1) and that butanol and ethyl acetate were more suitable for its extraction from all parts of the plant. A. calamus mediated green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles was also successfully accomplished whose preliminary antimicrobial screening revealed promising results. A novel and cost-effective micro-propagation protocol was optimized for the plant and Tang II (Natural Growth Substances) in a concentration of 20 ml.L-1 was found as the best growth regulator for both shooting and rooting of the explants. Keywords: Acorus calamus, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-yeast, antioxidant, HPLC, Gallic acid, nanoparticles, micro-propagation.