مولانا شاہ بدرالدین
ابھی گزشتہ مہینہ کے معارف میں ہم نے حضرت امیر شریعت صوبہ بہار اور امارت شرعیہ صوبہ بہار کا تذکرہ کیا تھا، خیال میں بھی نہ تھا کہ اس کے ایک ہی مہینہ کے بعد ہم کو حضرت ممدوح کی دائمی مفارقت کا ماتم کرنا پڑے گا، حضرت مولانا شاہ بدرالدین سجادہ پھلواری اس عہد کے جنید و شبلیؒ تھے، ان کا زہد و ورع، نزاعت و ارتقاء، علم و عمل، صورت و سیرت، ہر چیز نمونۂ سلف تھی، کم و بیش چالیس برس تک یہ علم و عرفان کی شمع صوبۂ بہار میں روشن رہی اور اس کی روشنی دور دور تک پھیلتی رہی، ان کے شب و روز کے چوبیس گھنٹے ذکر و فکر اور مطالعۂ کتب کے سوا اور مشاغل میں کمتر صرف ہوتے تھے، ان کی نشست گاہ ایک کتب خانہ تھی، ان کے چاروں طرف کتابوں کا انبار لگا رہتا تھا اور اس کے بیچ میں یہ زندہ کتب خانہ جلوہ فرما رہتا تھا، اس عہد میں یہی ایک ہستی تھی جو ظاہر و باطن، علم و معرفت، حقیقت و شریعت کا مجمع البحرین تھی اور جس سے ہزاروں اور لاکھوں علم و معرفت کے پیاسے سیراب ہوتے رہتے ہیں، پھلواری کا سجادہ اس بزرگ ذات کی رونق افروزی سے چشمۂ خورشید تھا، افسوس کہ یہ آفتاب اب ہمیشہ کے لئے ڈوب گیا۔
وہ میرے والد مرحوم کے پیر بھائی تھے، دونوں مولانا شاہ علی حبیب صاحب قدس سرہ، سجادہ نشین پھلواری سے مستفید تھے، خاکسار کو آغاز عمر میں ۱۸۹۸ء میں پھلواری کی خانقاہ میں چند ماہ بسلسلۂ طلب علم والد ماجد مرحوم کے حسب ہدایت رہنے کا اتفاق ہوا تھا، اس وقت سے اخیر عمر تک اس ہیچمدان پر خاص نظر عنایت تھی، کبھی کبھی مکرمت ناموں سے سرفراز فرماتے، تو ’’اعزا خواں‘‘ کے...
Paper currency has remained controversial since its advent, until the majority of the modern scholars agreed that paper currency is just like gold and silver, and all the rules and provisions regarding the/of homogeneous and heterogeneous exchange of gold and silver are applicable to paper currency. This viewpoint is widely adopted by prominent modern-day international academies of Islamic Jurisprudence and the same has been preferred by the majority of contemporary scholars in their books, dissertations and scholarly articles. On the contrary, there is a different opinion of majority of the scholars in Indian sub-continent. The reason behind this was that the viewpoint of Ḥanafi school of thought about legal effective cause (᾽illat) of Ribā i.e. Weight is not found in paper currency, so the rules of Ṣarf (Exchange of gold and silver) are inapplicable. So, they opined that paper currency is like Fulūs (metal coins). Furthermore, to stop all the possible ways resulting to/in Ribā according to this opinion, they preferred the viewpoint of Imam Muhammad (R.A) regarding the metal coins and set some precautionary measures. However, the said standpoint has not been deliberated and contested in the contemporary jurisprudential research work as it deserved. This research aims to evaluate this viewpoint in detail, clarifying its roots and evidences while revealing its implications and comparing it with the view adopted by the majority of the contemporary scholars.
Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is a member of the Brassicaceae family that is now becoming a global crop because of its drought tolerance, high oil content, short growing season and the ability to grow on low quality soils. The present study was aimed to reduce the viscosity of Brassica juncea oil by altering the fatty acid profile, via developing efficient and simple Agrobacterium mediated based tissue culture and floral dip methods of plant transfermation. For optimization of regeneration protocol, cotyledon explants of the Brassica juncea CV- Raya Anmol were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 µM) alone and in combination with 1µM of Gibberellic acid (GA3) and Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) separately. Maximum calli production (87%) was observed on MS medium containing 4 µM BAP only. The highest shoot induction efficiency (92%) was observed on medium supplemented with BAP (4 µM) and NAA (1 µM). For rooting, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (6µM) and Kinetin (Kin) (1µM) was found as the best combination. A binary vector containing the EaDAcT (E.alatus diacylglycerol acetyltransferase) gene under the transcriptional control of a glycinin promoter and with a basta selection marker, was introduced into A. tumefaciens strain GV3101 via electroporation. An efficient tissue culture and In planta transformation was developed for B. juncea. In tissue culture transformation, cotyledon explants were used while for floral dip, plants at early stage of flowering with and without vacuum desiccator were used. The basta resistant putative transgenic plants were selected and further confirmed by PCR. The vacuum infiltration was found more efficient (0.85%) as compared to the normal floral dip method (0.15%).The developed transgenic B. juncea seeds showed altered TAG fatty acid composition with enhanced level of oleic acid (from 41% to 63%) and reduced eurcic acid level (from 13.7% to 2.53%), which is an ideal composition of fatty acids in oil to be used as biodisel. The developed protocols could be used to accumulate unusual acTAG in B. juncea seed, providing a direct way of biodiesel production from plant oil. Such results will be useful for the development of B. juncea as an alternative source of energy.