اردو کے ادبی اور تحقیقی رسائل و جرائد کا تعارف
رسالہ کسے کہتے ہیں؟
رسالہ ان مطبوعات کو کہتے ہیں جو وقفے وقفے سے بار بار شائع ہوتے ہیں۔ رسالے کو مجلہ یا جریدہ بھی کہتے ہیں۔کچھ رسائل پندرہ روزہ ، ماہانہ ، دوماہی، سہ ماہی، ششماہی اور سالانہ ہوتے ہیں۔تحقیقی وادبی رسائل اپنے عہد کے تخلیقی سفر کے اہم ترین دستاویزات شمار ہوتے ہیں۔جہاں وہ ایک طرف اہل قلم کے نگار شات سے قارئین کو استفادہ کا موقع دیتے ہیں۔ وہاں ناقدین ، مؤرخین اور محققین کے لیے بھی ایسا مواد فراہم کرتے ہیں۔ جس سے کسی مخصوص عہد کے ادبی و تحقیقی رجحانات کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔
اردو زبان وادب کے ارتقا میں ادبی و تحقیقی رسائل نے ہمیشہ بنیادی کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ادبی رسائل عوام کی ذہنی تربیت میں ایک مؤثر اور فعال کے قوت کے طور پر کام کرتے ہیں۔آج کا ادب جب ماضی کا حصہ بن جاتا ہے۔ تو ادبی رسالہ ہی اس خزینے کو تحفظ عطا کرتاہے۔ اور یہ تنقید و تحقیق کے لیے بنیادی ماخذ کی حیثیت اختیار کرجاتاہے۔
رسائل کی اقسام :
The Jāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āy al-Qurʾān (جامع البیان عن تاویل ای القران) the book of Quranic interpretation is known as Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī. The author Imām Ṭabarī was blessed for being skilled enough in presenting the message of Islam with different methods. The methodology he has chosen to explain the precious hidden beads of Holy Quran is associated with the methodology of tafsir bi-al-ma’thur (تفسیر بالماثور). His presented explanations are completely independent from the reflection of his personal opinions. The statements of the early stages of Islam, the direct transmissions by the Holy prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and his companions were chiefly used to understand the meaning of Holy Quran. The jurisprudence, linguistic, and the philosophic approaches are also referred in his tafsir.
The present study was aimed to explore the prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder among internally displaced and undisplaced children. It was hypothesized that prevalence of PTSD, anxiety, depression, disruptive behavior, and aggression will be high in internally displaced children whereas their self concept will be low than undisplaced children. IDP children will show greater number of emotional indicators than undsiplaced children on HFD test and IDP children will also show greater number of aggressive emotional indicators than undisplaced children on HFD test. Children who will receive treatment intervention will recover quickly than those who will not receive treatment intervention. Three scales Human Figure Drawing test, Beck Youth Inventory, for children and adolescents, and PTSD evaluation scale Children and Adolescent Questionnaire were used. Sample comprised of 192 internally displaced and 90 undisplaced children. Children who reported higher levels of PTSD, anxiety, depression, disruptive behavior, aggression and lower levels of self concept were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups to assess the effects of interventions i.e. Art therapy and Behavior therapy i.e. deep muscle relaxation technique were used as intervention treatment. The results supported the hypothesis. It was found that traumatic experiences of war and displacement caused serious psychological problems in children and it was also found that Art therapy and Behavior therapy technique proved helpful in treating children who were war victims.