مسلم دورِحکمرانی ميں تعليمات نبویﷺ سے اخذ شدہ سراغ رسانی کے رہنما اصول

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department if related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article recounts the intelligence systems and management of the resources of secret services of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) and, thereafter, the Muslims rulers. Furthermore, the principles derived from the era of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) regarding intelligence system have also been discussed in this chapter. The guiding principles that are still valid even today includes: (a) Training of Personnel Since espionage helps to strengthen the roots of a state and protect it from its enemies, therefore it requires a team of well trained professionals with latest technology and trends. Islam emphasized on two aspects of early warning, one is professional and the other is ethical.(b) Counter Espionage. An Islamic state must have an effective network of espionage to keep an eye on all the activities of the enemy. This is known as counter espionage. (c) Reconnaissance. This aims at the fore knowledge of the intentions of the enemy so that one can have a better planning in case of an attack. (d) Verification of Information. Information from an agent should be verified from other sources. An operative may feed false information due to lack of experience and competency and that may create an embarrassing situation. (e) Security of Information. Don’t share your secret, try to protect them. If national secrets are compromised they may cause an extensive damage to national interest. (f) Interrogation of POW. Whenever enemy spies or soldiers are arrested in a war they should be interrogated for extraction of information. They may be subjected to mental stress. (g) Fore Warning of the Enemy. This requires the launching of own agents in the enemy ranks for knowledge of their future plan likes attacks. (h)Treatment of Spies. If anyone is found to be guilty of spying for enemy, he may be penalized with death punishment.

Computer Simulation of Deformation Behaviour of Metals at Low Temperature

Reviewing the previous theories and models developed for dislocation/dislocations interactions, the relation for the creep rate is modified for low temperatures suggesting that the behaviour of stress relaxation rate is logarithmic in nature. A self-consistent stress relaxation model is discovered for the accurate measurement of activation energy in relaxation rate processes. A single barrier stochastic model of low temperature creep is developed defining dynamic recovery processes; shape of the dislocation is obtained by force balance equation, then using computer model the average dislocation velocity is cal¬ culated showing that it never becomes zero. A new force balance equation is used. The dislocations move by forming bulge, and unzipping tendency increases as the strength of the barrier increases contradict Foreman and Makin model (68); the average velocity of dislocations increases with the increase in the size of the array, but for small size the average velocity for each array will be different except where it is constant. Also the dislocations after covering a short distance reach a steady state velocity due to coupling effect between strong and weak barriers. Similarly the dislocation jump approaches an average or steady state velocity after travelling two or three times the insert distances. The deformation on slip plane is contro¬ lled by the rate of motion of the pileup nearly equal to velocity of sound.