آثم مرزا
آثم مرزا (۱۹۳۳ئ۔۲۰۰۳ئ) کا اصل نام مرزا محمد طفیل بیگ تھا۔ آپ سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ (۷۹۱) آثم مرزا بنیادی طورپر ایک افسانہ نگار ہیں لیکن انھوں نے شاعری بھی کی ہے۔ ان کا شعری کلام ملک کے اہم رسائل جرائد ’’محفل‘‘،لاہور ’’اظہار‘‘،کراچی ’’اتالیق‘‘،سیالکوٹ ’’جسارت‘‘کراچی ’’ویمن ڈائجسٹ‘‘،’’حرم‘‘،لاہور ، ’’سیارہ ‘‘،لاہور’’امروز‘‘ لاہور اور ’’شام و سحر‘‘ لاہور میں چھپتا رہا۔ ابھی تک آثم مرزا کا کوئی شعری مجموعہ منظر عام پر نہیں آیا۔
ترقی پسند تحریک کے ہیجانی و جذباتی دور میں آثم مرزا نے افسانوی نثر کے ساتھ ساتھ شاعری کے کوچے میں قدم رکھا۔ اور آزاد نظم کو اپنے خیالات کے اظہار کا ذریعہ بنایا۔ ان کی شاعری میں سیاسی لہر کارفرما نظر آتی ہے۔ مگر انھوں نے خود کو مریضانہ محور پر اشتراکی فلسفے کے تابع نہ کیا بلکہ اپنا اسلامی تشخص برقرار رکھا۔ آثم مرزا کی ایک مشہور نظم ’’مجھے بھی ہتھیاردو‘‘ کے عنوان سے اس کے سیاسی ہونے کا پتہ چلتا ہے لیکن انھوں نے اس نظم میں سیاسی پراپیگنڈہ سے کام نہیں لیا ہے۔ نمونے کے طور پر کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
مجھے بھی ہتھیار دو کہ میں بھی
ستمگروں کے حصار ظلمت میں قید انسانیت کے بگڑے نقوش کو رنگ روپ دے کر
آزاد کر دوں گا
کہ اُجڑی راہوں میں گمشدہ نکہتوں کے
فانوس جمگمگائیں
کہ فصلِ گُل کی نوید
پت جھڑ کی اوٹ میں بے قرار راہوں کی زندگی کا سرور بخشے(۷۹۲)
اس نظم کے آخر میں وہ نئے عزم کا اظہار اس طرح کرتے ہیں:
مجھے بھی ہتھیار دو
مجھے اس سے محبت ہے
شفق کی نیم واکھڑکی میں
دن کے آخری لمحوں کی ہچگی کی تڑپ
بے نور لمحوں کی دریدہ دامنی کے
زخم کو بے کل بناتی ہے
میں اس کے درد کی ہر لہر میں خود...
Mirza Bedil is a famous and well renowned poet of his era and after his era. His poetry has very poetically and lyrically characteristics, thoughts of his poetry also influenced on Urdu and Persian language. Even big poets of Urdu and Persian Ghalib and Iqbal inspired by Bedil’s poetry style and thoughts. Bedil’s poetry has many ethically manners, mystically thoughts, secrets of life and also thoughts of life’s movement to forward. In this article must present the ethically and good manners aspects of Bedil’s poetry, according to life, mystic, God, earth and other aspects of daily life.
There are many frameworks and paradigms within which mass media can be studied, and are being studying. Scholars studied media in their own perspective and paradigm. Some scholars think that media has transformed the culture and society into massive audience, while for some it is just a power full tool by which powerful corporations own and control them, and manipulates the public for their own gain. Noam Chomsky and Marshall McLuhan are the great scholars of media of twentieth century. Both deals with role of media in society, however many similarities are found among these scholars. Chomsky being a great scholar of 21st century sees media as powerful tool for corporate culture. He with his friend Edward S. Hermann developed a propaganda model and presented it in his seminal work “Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of Mass Media”. Though model was based on the characterization of US media but it is equally applicable to any country that shares the basic economic structure and organizing principles which the model postulates as the cause of media biases. Chomsky in his model suggests that media including newspaper, radio and television is controlled by elites particularly in democratic society. McLuhan is also a great scholar of 20th century, he is called media guru. He also developed the theories about the role of media in mass popular culture. He is also a great critic of media and modern technology. He says that it is the medium which transform the society and it affects the society in which it plays the role not only by content delivered through the medium but also it is inherent characteristics of medium itself. McLuhan discusses the social implications of media and says that society’s values, norms and ways of life changed because of the technology. Both scholars presented media theories in their own perspective. They provide an in depth view of role of media in our lives. Both scholars feels that mass media has changed the world in later half of 20th century. For Chomsky media is manipulating society for elite and ruling class while for McLuhan it was the nature of media itself that he felt dangerous. In present dissertation the media theories of two prominent scholars of 20th century is examined through content analysis of mainstream Pakistani media. This study also delineated theoretical approaches of Marshall McLuhan and Noam Chomsky to explain the role of media in society in the light Pakistani media. The combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches is applied for this study. In this study descriptive method along with content analysis of the books of McLuhan and Noam Chomsky and Pakistani mainstream newspaper is applied. The period selected for the study is from 2007 to 2015 which covered three consecutive governments, which made it easy to study the behavior of media with different governments.