An Analysis of Indo-Pakistan Nuclear Doctrines

This study explores the dynamics of nuclear politics in Indo-Pakistan relations. The events after the nuclearization of South Asia aroused an extensive discussion about the basic reasons of countries becoming nuclear. Deterrence idealists have put forward the Nuclear Peace Theory advocating that nuclear arms make war terribly expensive and evade conflict among atomic opponents and thus generate constancy among them. Deterrence cynics have debated that the new nuclear-powered countries would not be able to accomplish the rudimentary requisites for deterrence stability as they would be disposed to defensive and preventive war tactics, construct susceptible atomic weaponries that would disposed to illicit usage. While discussing both stability and instability of nuclear weapons, the intellectuals disregard the importance of nuclear doctrines of the nuclear states which can cause deterrence disappointment or guaranteeing its strength. The author has used primary and secondary data. The primary sources are news bulletins and websites and secondary sources are books, journals etc.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation and Haematological Alteration in Cirrhinus Mrigala, Oreochromis Mossambicus and Sperata Serwari Species at Islam Barrage of Sutlej River

River Sutlej is the most polluted river at this point in South Asia. Noticeable quantity of metals is thrown into this water body. Among them, the notable pollutants are heavy metals. These heavy metals are accumulating in the different organs of fish and have adverse effects. The present work was attempted for assessing some heavy metals pollution in River Sutlej that also accumulates in the different organs of edible fishes captured at Islam Barrage. Sediments, water and fish samples were collected in both winter and summer seasons. The concentration of heavy metals including the Chromium, lead and iron, copper, nickel and cadmium were estimated through atomic absorption studies in all the water, sediments and organs of Cirrhinus mrigala, Oreochromis mossambicus and Sperata sarwari. Physico-chemical parameters of water were tested to check level of nitrates, dissolved gases and PH. Haemotological analysis and micronucleus tests were conducted for sampled fish. Data was analyzed statistically and represented as Mean? SD and compared through ANOVA using MSTAT computer packages. The results of physiochemical parameters revealed that the levels of all the parameters under observation in the summer season were found elevated but two factors dissolved oxygen and PH were found less in summer season than the winter season. Presence of heavy metals in sediments sampled in both summer and winter seasons showed that the concentrations of different metals in the winter seasons were slightly higher as compared to the summer season because in winter the link canals add less water in river and more pollutants are poured by different industries into the river. It was concluded that these heavy metals in the form of waste is added into this river from different factories present near kasur city of Pakistan.