مسلم دورِحکمرانی ميں تعليمات نبویﷺ سے اخذ شدہ سراغ رسانی کے رہنما اصول

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department if related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article recounts the intelligence systems and management of the resources of secret services of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) and, thereafter, the Muslims rulers. Furthermore, the principles derived from the era of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) regarding intelligence system have also been discussed in this chapter. The guiding principles that are still valid even today includes: (a) Training of Personnel Since espionage helps to strengthen the roots of a state and protect it from its enemies, therefore it requires a team of well trained professionals with latest technology and trends. Islam emphasized on two aspects of early warning, one is professional and the other is ethical.(b) Counter Espionage. An Islamic state must have an effective network of espionage to keep an eye on all the activities of the enemy. This is known as counter espionage. (c) Reconnaissance. This aims at the fore knowledge of the intentions of the enemy so that one can have a better planning in case of an attack. (d) Verification of Information. Information from an agent should be verified from other sources. An operative may feed false information due to lack of experience and competency and that may create an embarrassing situation. (e) Security of Information. Don’t share your secret, try to protect them. If national secrets are compromised they may cause an extensive damage to national interest. (f) Interrogation of POW. Whenever enemy spies or soldiers are arrested in a war they should be interrogated for extraction of information. They may be subjected to mental stress. (g) Fore Warning of the Enemy. This requires the launching of own agents in the enemy ranks for knowledge of their future plan likes attacks. (h)Treatment of Spies. If anyone is found to be guilty of spying for enemy, he may be penalized with death punishment.

Mentoring in Teaching Practice at B. Ed Level in Islamabad/Rawalpindi: An Analysis

Mentoring and assessment play pivotal role in teaching learning process. The main purpose of the study was to investigate mentoring in teaching practice at B.Ed. level in Islamabad/ Rawalpindi. The objectives of the research study were as: (1) to identify the existing situation of mentoring; (2) to identify factors involved in mentoring trainee teachers; (3) to analyse the existing informal and formal mentoring system for trainee teachers; (4) to assess the benefits accrued because of mentoring; (5) to examine the views of the mentees and mentors about the effectiveness of mentoring on their achievement. The research was conducted on B.Ed. students of National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Federal College of Education H-9 Islamabad, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Govt Elementary College for Teachers Women H-9 Islamabad, Govt College for Elementary Teachers, Saidpur Road, Rawalpindi and Bilquis College of Education for Women P.A.F Chaklala Rawalpindi to find out the objectives. All heads/Principals, supervisors, teachers and 948 students of B.Ed. of above mentioned colleges and universities were included in the target population of the study. Total sample of the study was 352, in which 274 students of B.Ed., and 72 teachers, supervisors and 6 heads/Principals of the universities and colleges were selected. The data were collected personally by the researcher. He used a questionnaire of five point likert scale for mentors and mentees. Moreover, an observational checklist was used to observe mentees. An interview of 15% sample was also conducted to know the opinion of respondents regarding mentoring. Chi-square test goodness of fit was used for data analysis. All the research findings indicated that mentoring had strong impact on the performance of mentees. It was observed that mentees were very comfortable and vii confident due to mentoring. Mentors and mentees confessed that formal mentoring was used but it had short duration of forty days. It was found that mentoring had provided psychological and emotional support to mentees and it had reduced their feelings of isolation. It was found in data analysis that mentoring had increased positive reinforcement, self esteem, inter-personal skills, performance, motivation, communication skills and reflection in mentees. After analyzing observational check list, it was found that mentees were well dressed, well planned, confident, maintained discipline, motivated, knowledgeable and competent in all aspects, after mentoring. During analysis of interview, all respondents acknowledged that formal mentoring was in progress. The respondents mentioned that mentoring was very beneficial and effective for beginner teachers. Mentors acknowledged that mentees had learned different things during mentoring as: time management; stress management; problem solving attitude and communication skills. Some suggestions may be made as: duration of mentoring may be ninety days; departments may allocate specific funds for mentoring. Further studies may be conducted in order to know the impact of mentoring in engineering, medical, administration and commerce.