خلافت اور جمہوریت نتائج و عواقب عصر حاضر کے تناظر میں

Islām is a complete code of life. Man is the vicegerent and representative of Allāh. The role of vicegerent and caliphate can only be fulfilled in a complete manner, when the system of the Islamic Caliphate is established. It is the duty of Muslims to endeavor for establishing such a system in the world. The caliphate is the political title of Islām. It is, actually, the sovereignty of Almighty God on the earth. God creates its sovereignty by selecting the pious people from the humankind. With the help of Caliphate, unity, strength and equality can be established in the Muslim world. Democracy is the system of government, which is based on the wishes of the majority of the people of a state. However, the real democracy is the one in which wishes of people are directly or indirectly catered. An ideal democracy is the one in which all affairs of the country are run with the consultation of all the people. If the affairs of any state are run by the majority of the people, then that state will move towards its destruction. Allāh says, “O Muhammad.. ! If you obey most of the dwellers of the earth they will lead you astray from Allah’s way. ” The affairs of the Islamic state must not run by the wishes of the majority nor the minority of the people, but, on the values of truth and justice. The author of this paper presents a critical and comparative study of the Islamic Caliphate and democracy, and concludes that it is the Caliphate and not democracy, which is the true Islamic system of government.

Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Biological Studies of 3D Transition Metal Complexes With Various Aniline Based Schiff Bases

A variety of Schiff bases and their metal complexes have been synthesized from 3 – acetyl – 2 H – chromen – 2 - one and anils. 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde was reacted with ethyl acetoacetate (acacs) in the presence of piperidine to give 3 – acetyl – 2 H - chromen – 2 - one which was further reacted with different anils namely p-toluidine, p-chloroaniline and 2-nitroanilie to obtain Schiff bases. These Schiff bases were used as ligands in the current study. Schiff base metal complexes were then synthesized by reacting Schiff base ligands with 3d-transition metals nickel( II), cobalt( II), copper( II) and zinc( II). Both ligands and metal complexes were then characterized by various spectroscopic techniques which include UV-visible spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Stability of complexes was estimated in solid and solutions form. Amounts of metals in complexes and metals’ to ligands ratios were estimated by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). These metal complexes were found diamagnetic by vibrating sample magnetometry. Schiff base complexes were found to have immense applications in biological fields. So all Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes were scanned against gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains and it was found that they show promising activities against selected bacterial strains.