انسانی حقوق کا جدید فلسفہ اسلامی تناظر میں

The concept of freedom and equality enshrined in democratic systems though solves certain individual problems, but at the same time many collective problems arise. In this context, these democratic values become inconsistent with principles of Islamic political system because the concept of freedom and equality in Islam is different from that in western democracy. The Islamic Sharīʻah has divided the obligatory duties into Ḥuqūqul Allah and Ḥuqūq-al-ʻIbād and complying with them guarantee the success in this world and the hereafter. Islam not only connects rights and responsibilities with each other, but also determines their priorities. Those societies where an imbalance is created in discharging duties and rights get caught up in mischief and trouble as an unavoidable consequence as if human beings play the main role in the construction and destruction of societies. Keeping in mind the above mentioned issues, the reality of modern philosophy of human rights and its basic criterions and effects in Islamic perspective has been reviewed to find the causes of failure of modern philosophy in protecting the human rights in the contemporary era. Similarly, explaining the concept of human rights in Islam in modern perspective, a research-based analysis has been presented in this paper.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Biological Activities of Acacia Hydaspica R. Parker .

The focus of current research was to evaluate pharmacological ability of Acacia hydaspica methanol extract (AHM) and its derived fractions. Qualitative screening of methanol extract demonstrated the occurrence of terpenoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phlobatannins and alkaloids. GCMS chemical fingerprinting of AHM reveals the presence of 30 different chemical constituents belonging to diverse classes, owing enormous biological activities. HPLC analysis of AHM and various fractions reveals the presence of four well known standards; catechin, gallic acid, rutin and caffeic acid in AHM in varying concentrations. Catechin and Gallic acid were detected in both AHE and AHB while myrecitin was detected only in AHE. Mineral analysis indicated the existence of various macro and micromineral elements in A. hydaspica. AHB, AHE and AHM demonstrated high level of total flavonoid and phenolic content and a noteworthy correlation with the EC50 values was determined for the quenching of DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide radical, ABTS radical, iron chelating, β-Carotene bleaching inhibition and anti-lipid peroxidation. Significant anti-hemolytic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic actions were demonstrated by AHM and its AHE and AHB fractions. AHM and its fraction AHE reveal marked antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antidepressant potential. The in vivo studies indicated that AHE fraction of A. hydaspica possessed potent chemoprotective ability against cisplatin and doxorubicin induced toxicity in rats. Treatment of rats with AHE markedly improved the serum biomarkers of organ toxicity and tissue antioxidant status by significantly ameliorating the oxidative tissues markers enzymes levels near to control. Histopathological studies of different organs verify the biochemical observations. A. hydaspica was subjected to bioassaydirected fractionation which led to the isolation of three active antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic compounds from AHE and one active compound from AHB fraction besides active isolates. The compound structures were interpreted by ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopic analysis. Three AHE compounds were identified as 7-O-galloyl catechin (GC), (+) catechin (C), methyl-gallate (MG) while catechin-3- gallate (CG) was extracted from AHB fraction. In antimicrobial testing, MG was the most active compound. Isolated compounds GC, CG and MG showed more potent activity against DPPH, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical, showed highest xviii antioxidant index and FRAP (649.5±1.5 μM Fe (II)/g) potency compared to standard reference rutin and gallic acid. In vitro models of prostate (PC-3) and breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cells were used to evaluate the anticancer potential of isolated compounds (AHCs). AHC resulted in specific effects against tested prostate and breast cancer cell lines. GC, C, CG and MG inhibit cell proliferation in PC-3 cells in a dose dependent manner, whereas CG and MG negatively affected MDA-MB-231 cell growth. Compounds induce cell death via suppressing various signal transduction pathways that regulates cell proliferation and survival. Chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage and apoptotic bodies were observed by phase contrast microscopy. Compounds significantly inhibited cell survival and colony growth in both cell lines. Staining with acridine orange, ethidium bromide, propidium iodide and DAPI demonstrated that cell death occurred at least partly through induction of apoptosis in both PC-3 and MDA-MB- 231 cells. GC, C, CG and MG repressed the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl- 2, Bcl-xL and survivin in dose and time dependent manner, which futher validate the apoptotic effect of isolated compounds. Further analysis of signaling pathways indicated that compounds treatment induced a dose and time dependent suppression of JAK2, NFκB, p-Akt (Ser473and Thr308), NFκB p65 P-Ser 529, phospho-IκBa Ser32/Ser36, p-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) in PC-3 cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, CG and MG treatment significantly suppressed the expression of CK2α, PI3-K and JAK2. Expression of NFκB total protein and its phosphorylation at p65 P-Ser529 was significantly inhibited following treatments. Furthermore, Bcl-xL, Survivin and xIAP expression was also inhibited in MDA-MB-231 cells in a time and dose dependent manner. These findings provide strong indication that A. hydaspica compounds may be favorable therapeutic candidates against highly invasive triple negative breast cancer and androgen insensitive prostate cancer cells.