Problems and Challenges to English Language in Madaris of Pakistan

Language is a communication tool to impart education at every level that is why different languages are taught for this purpose. In Madaris of Pakistan, Arabic is commonly taught as it is the language of basic Islamic sources i.e. The Holy Quran and Hadith. This paper will basically try to understand the learning of English as a language is not given importance, although it is very essential nowadays but besides this, it faces many problems and challenges in religious Madaris of Pakistan. Many factors are involved in this situation. In modern world, English language specially can be very helpful to the purposes of these Madaris. Learning of English language will help to impart, propagate and defend the message of Islam on a larger and wider scale. One can use it for da’wah and calling others to Allah. But some elements of Madaris are not well informed about to this fact that they have not such a larger vision to understand and absorb the facts. On the other side, supporters of teaching English language in Madaris are unluckily blind to the positive, historic, reformative role of Madaris. This situation is creating misunderstandings and these bodies are seen opponents while they must be supporting to each other. This article reviews the challenges and the problem and challenges to English language in Madaris as well as how to bridge the chasm created between the two schools of thought.

An Empirical Study of Investor Behavior in Karachi Stock Exchange, Pakistan

Over the last four decades financial market researchers come up with a resounding evidence about the influence of investors’ behavior on their investment decision making. This is in contrast to conventional economics and finance literature developed over the years. In the pursuit to be counted as pure science, economists and conventional finance researchers ignored the possible effect of different behavioral aspects on investment decision making. They assumed that investors are rational and financial markets are perfect. But this line of thinking was unable to explain the events which unfolded in financial markets over 1980s to 2000s. During the same period, behavioral economics and finance got more and more importance and acceptance in the field of economics and finance. The field of behavioral finance is fairly new in Pakistan therefore this study aims at exploring the possible effect of investor behavior on investment decision. This study tests two behavioral models, investor regret aversion and investor overconfidence, in Pakistani financial markets. Using primary data, collected through a survey instrument, from a sample of 229 investors using simple and multiple linear regression models, a strong support is found for the two models. All four alternative hypotheses of investor regret aversion model are accepted using both simple and multiple linear regression models. On the other hand, four out of five alternate hypotheses are accepted based on both simple and multiple linear regression models. The study couldn’t find a strong support for the moderation effect of demographic variables in the two models. The results, however, show that investor overconfidence decreases with increase in investor age, experience and value of portfolio. All of the findings either support the findings of historical studies or in accordance with the basic theories in the area of behavioral finance and economics. There are certain limitations of this study and therefore further research is required, as suggested in the future research directions, to get an in-depth understanding of investor behavior in Pakistani financial markets.