نو لکھی کوٹھی میں پس ماندگی کے مظاہر
علی اکبر ناطق کا پہلا ناول’’نو لکھی کوٹھی‘‘جس نے اردو ادب میں ایک نئی تاریخ رقم کر دی ہے اور مصنف کی وجہ شہرت بنا۔یہ ناول 2014ء میں سانجھ پبلی کیشنز لاہورسے شائع ہوا ۔ ناول 448 صفحات پر مشتمل ہے ۔ناول کے اب تک سات ایڈیشن شائع ہو چکے ہیں اور انہوں نے ناول کا انتساب اپنے ابا جان’’محمد بشیر‘‘ کے نام کیا ہے۔
مصنف نے ناول کے ذریعے نہ صرف ادب کے معیار کو طے کیا ہے بلکہ ایک مختلف انداز میں یعنی روایتی اندازسے بالکل الگ ہو کر اسے پیش کیا ہے۔ناول نہایت دل فریب صورت میں اور دیدہ زیب انداز میں تحریر کیا گیا ہے،قاری ایک ہی نشست میں مکمل پڑھنا چاہتا ہے۔اس کا مختلف زبانوں میں ترجمہ بھی ہو چکا ہے۔
فکشن میں ان کا یہ قدم حیرت زدہ کرنے والا ہے۔ نثر کو پڑھتے ہوئے ان کی مکالمہ اور بیانیہ پر مکمل گرفت کا احساس اجاگر ہوتا ہے۔ وہ لکھتے ہوئے ایسی منظر کشی کرتے ہیں کہ پڑھنے والا دنگ رہ جاتا ہے۔ایسا محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ جیسے کہانی بالکل ویسی ہے جس میں قاری اپنا ماضی گزار چکا ہے۔ وہ پڑھتے ہوئے خود کو اس کا ایک حصہ گردانتا ہے۔
اردو ادب ان سے جتنی بھی امیدیں وابستہ کر لے وہ غلط نہ ہوں گی۔ہمارے دور کے ہو کر بھی انہوں نے نہایت ہی کمال طریقے سے ماضی کے ان واقعات سے پردہ اٹھایا ہے جنہیں ہم قصوں کہانیوں میں سنتے آئے ہیں۔
معاشرت کی خوبصورت انداز میں عکاسی کی ہے۔ مصنف ناول میں پیچیدہ پہلوؤں کو سامنے لے کر آتا ہے۔ناول میں جس ’’نو لکھی کوٹھی‘‘...
Throughout the history humanity has witnessed many ups and downs. There might have been many eras of moral lawlessness in which humanity might have suffered from lack of moral character, civilization, lack of social norms and values and many such things. But in the present era social media has emerged as a very sharp sword which has destroyed social values, norms and morality. It has proven destructive to a unprecedented level. Sometimes people share news about a person without conformation and on other times people destroy human shapes and give them resemblance with animal shapes and then share them on social media by way of comparison between human and animals. Insulting political opponents, playing with honor and dignity of others, humiliating others have become a game to play for people on social media. Many users of the social media think that there is no respect for others at all so they don’t hesitate from humiliating people. For them the only act worth doing is to protect the so called respect of the leader they follow and love. They are ready to cross any limit for this. While doing all this they forget anything and everything about civility, morality, and social values etc. Someone has quite rightly said that good character is proof of good blood. While using social media one is in fact representing one’s family and blood. According to statistics 58% of the whole population of our country consists of young people the majority of which is so much attached and engrossed with the use of social media that they are oblivious of what is going around them. The spell of social media has bound people in the galleries of hospitals, pathways, passengers, and in educational institutes. So much so that even in homes, social media has preoccupied people to an extent that they damn care for the people living in the same home with them. There is value for a friend on social media but there is no value for a person sitting very next to them. A young man is busy and engaged with a so called sister on social media but his real sister is seen tantalized for his care and affection. In the university students miss out lectures of teacher but want to learn things from google and social media. This is the dilemma of the current age. The use of social media has taken people far away from the people sitting and living very close to them. Now the young generation has options i.e. Positive or negative use of social media. Your face book account, your profile is reflective of your personality. Any visitor, while visiting your profile and account will have your whole personality open up to him. Difference of opinion is permitted and appreciable thing but it should be done within limits. The current research paper is an attempt to cover up all these things and to see the Islamic teachings about the use of social media. How to open an account on social media, how to share pictures on it either self or that of others, sending friend requests and accepting them? These and other related issues will be discussed in the present paper in the light of Islam.
In 1997, S. Kasahara [51] defined an operation α on Topological Spaces and introduced the concept of an α-closed graph of a function. In 1983, D. S. Jankovic [48] defined α-closed set and further investigated functions with α-closed graphs. In 1992, F. U. Rehman and B.Ahmad [91] introduced the notions of γ-interior, γ- boundary and γ-exterior points in the Topological Spaces and studied their properties. They studied properties and characterizations of (γ,β)-continuous mappings introduced by H. Ogata [88]. They also studied some interesting characterizations of (γ,β)-closed (open) mappings in Topological Spaces. In [41], S. Hussain investigated the basic properties of γ-operations in Topological Spaces by introducing γ-limit point, γ-derived set, γ-dense in itself, γ-nbd. and γ-nbd. system. H. Ogata [88], introduced the notions of γ-Ti spaces, for i=0, 1/2, 1, 2 and studied their properties. The properties of (γ,β)-continuous functions have also been studied in General Topological Spaces as well as in γ-T2 spaces. The concept of γ-convergence of a sequence, and its properties have been defined and investigated in γ-T2 spaces. Concepts like γ*-regular space in Topological Spaces have also been defined and their properties in γ-T2 space have been explored in [8]. The study of semi-open sets and their properties was initiated by N. Levine [63] in 1963. The introduction of semi-open sets raised many basic General Topological questions, which has thus far led to a productive study in which many new mathematical tools have been added to the General Topology tool box. Many new notions have been defined and examined. Many new properties and characteristics of classical notions have been studied. The purpose of this thesis is to study these notions in terms of γ-operations in Topological Spaces We divide the work into seven chapters. In 1975, Maheshwari and Prasad [67], have defined new axiom called s- regularity, which is strictly weaker than regularity (without T2). In 1982, C. Dorsett [30], defined and investigated a separation axiom called semi-regular space. It is shown [30] that s-regularity is weaker than semi-regularity. A new class of regularity called s*-regular spaces, PΣ and weakly PΣ spaces, locally s-regular space, P-regular space and γ*-regular space have been defined and studied in [19], [52], [59] and [8]. In chapter 1, we discuss the characterizations and properties of γ- convergence, γ*-regular, γ0-compact, γ-locally compact and γ-normal spaces. In section 2, we investigate the characterizations of γ-convergence, γ*-regular spaces defined in [8]. In section 3, we define and discuss the γ0-compact space, which is the generalization of compact space, and study the properties of γ0-compact space in (γ,β)-continuity defined and investigated by H. Ogata [88] and further studied by F. U. Rehman and B. Ahmad [91]. Several properties and characterizations of γ0- compact space have been explored in this section. In section 4, we define and investigate γ-locally compact space in General Topological Space as well as in γ-T2 space [88]. It is interesting to mention that every γ0-compact space is a γ-locally compact space. In section 5, we define γ-normal space which is independent of normal space. We study its properties and characterizations in γ-T1 spaces under (γ,β)- continuous functions defined in [88]. In chapter 2, we define a new space called γ-connected space. It is remarkable that the class of connected spaces is the subclass of class of γ-connected spaces. In section 2, we study the characterizations and properties of γ-connected spaces and then properties under (γ,β)-continuous functions [88]. In section 3, we define and explore the characterizations of γ-components in a space X. In section 4, we define and discuss a new notion called γ-locally connected space which generalizes locally connected space. In section 5 and 6, we define and investigate γs-regular and γs- normal spaces. Here we also study the relation of γ0-compact, γ-T2 spaces and γs- normal spaces. In chapter 3, we define γs-connected space and γs-locally connected space and analyze their many interesting properties and characterizations. We also define and explore the properties of γs-components in a space X. In 1992 (respt. 1994), J. Umehara, H. Maki and T. Noir (respt. J. Umehara) [97] (respt. [98]) defined and discussed the properties of ( γ,γ ′)-open sets, ( γ,γ ′)- closure, and ( γ,γ ′)-generalized closed sets in a space X. In chapter 4, we continue to discuss the properties of (γ,γ ′)-open sets, (γ,γ ′)-closure, (γ,γ ′)-generalized closed sets [97] which generalizes the γ-open sets, γ-closure and γ-generalized closed sets defined by H. Ogata [88] and further investigated in [91] and [7]. It is interesting to Remark 4.2.9 that the class of (γ,γ ′)-open sets contains the class of γ-open and the class of γ ′- open sets. In section 2, we define and discuss the properties of (γ,γ ′)-interior, (γ,γ ′)- closure and (γ,γ ′)-boundary. In section 3, we define and explore many interesting properties of τ(γ, γ ′ ) - cl (A) and (γ,γ ′)-generalized closed sets [97]. It is necessary to mention that τ(γ, γ ′ ) - cl (A) generalizes τγ - cl (A) defined by H. Ogata [88]. We also examine the relation of τ(γ, γ ′ ) - cl (A), cl(A), clγ(A ) and cl(γ, γ ′) (A) in Theorem 4.3.14 (1). In section 4, we define and explore the properties of (γ,γ ′)-nbd and (γ,γ ′)-nbd base at x which generalizes γ-nbd and γ-nbd base at x defined in [7]. In section 5, we define (γ,γ ′)-T1 space and describe many of their characterizations and properties. We also define and explore (γ,γ ′)-derived sets which generalizes γ-derived sets defined in [7]. In chapter 5, we define a new class of continuous functions called Bi (γ,β)- continuous functions and investigate several properties and characterizations of Bi (γ,β)-continuity and Bi (γ,β)-open (closed) functions. In 1963, Levine [63] defined semi-open sets in a space X and discussed many of its properties. In 1997 (2005), A. Csaszar [25-26] defined Generalized Topological Spaces. In 1975, Maheshwari and Prasad [61] introduced concepts of semi-T1 spaces and semi-R0 spaces. In 2005, A. Guldurdek and O.B. Ozbakir [40] defined and discussed γ-semi-open sets using γ-open sets in Topological Spaces which are different from the notions of γ-open sets introduced and studied by H. Ogata [88] in 1991. So far several researchers worked on the findings of H. Ogata and a lot of material is available in the literature. In sections 2 and 3 of chapter 6, we introduce the concept of γ*-semi-open (which generalizes γ-open sets defined in [88]), γ*-semi- closed sets and γ*-semi-closure, γ*-semi-interior sets in a space X in the sense of H. Ogata [88]. It is also shown that the concept of semi open sets and γ*-semi-open sets are independent of each other. In view of the findings of [40], we also introduce γ Λγs − set and Λs − set by using γ*-semi-open sets. Moreover, we show that the concepts of g. Λ s − set , g. V s − set , semi-T1 space and semi-R0 space can be generalized by replacing semi-open sets with γ*-semi-open sets for an arbitrary monotone operator γ∈Γ(X). In section 4, we discuss the several properties of γ*-semi- open sets by defining and studying γ*-semi-interior, γ*-semi-closure, γ*-semi- boundary and their relations between them. In 1963, Levine [63] defined the notion of semi-continuous function. Since then, this notion has been extensively investigated. Cameron and Woods [23] and Abd El-Monsef et-al [1] have independently defined s-continuous and strongly continuous functions respectively. In 1994, M. Khan and B. Ahmad [55] introduced almost S- continuous functions. They showed that almost S-continuous have certain similar properties to those of strongly θ-continuous functions obtained by Long and Herrington [65]. In section 2 of chapter 7, we introduce and investigate the notion of γ-semi-continuous function. It is shown that γ-semi-continuous functions have certain similar properties to that of semi continuous functions [63]. Although γ-semi- continuous functions and semi continuous functions are independent of each other. In section 3, we define and explore many interesting properties and characterizations of γ-semi-open (closed) functions. In section 4, we define γ*-irresolute functions and discuss the properties and characterizations in terms of γ*-semi-derived sets and γ- semi-T2 space In section 5, we define and study the γ-pre-semi-open (closed) functions in space X. We explore the properties and characterizations of them in terms of γ*-semi-interior, γ*-semi-closure, (γ,β)-continuous, and (γ,β)-open (closed) functions [4], [88], [91]. In the end, we study the relationship between γ-pre-semi- open (closed) functions and γ*-irresolute functions." xml:lang="en_US