جج پر ضمان: فقہی قواعد اور پاکستانی قانون میں تطبیق

A judge should be honest,  transparent, free and fair. He should always respect law. The question arises that if a judge who disrespects law and makes unbalanced decisions: as a result of which people get affected then will he or she be penalized? The Ḥanafi Scholars opine that if a judge passes a wrong decision intentionally, he should be penalized from his own property. Because in Islamic jurisprudence, judiciary owns a supremacy over the masses and everyone irrespective of the position is equal and has to obey law. Whether he is a judge or a commoner, he has to follow the rules and regulations as prescribed by law. In practice, Pakistani judges are not held responsible for making a wrong verdict. Our judges make judgments on the basis of already manipulated evidence. A judge bars himself from the responsibility of collecting evidence. Similarly, if a judge has developed personal grudges with the criminal then the criminal reserves right of appealing the higher court where the decision is reviewed and rectified. In such situation, there is a compulsion between the legal maxim "وَالْأَصْلُ عَدَمُ الضَّمَان" and the Pakistani laws. However, Ḥanafi jurisprudence and Pakistani Laws are not in accordance with each other. This study concentrates upon the nature of punishment and tort to be applied on judges in case of making a decision based on falsehood. It is suggested that Pakistan’s Judiciary should be reread as that the already in-practice system does not comply with the standards of Islamic teachings.

Impact of Organizational Culture and Social Influence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior with Mediating Effect of Interactional Justice

Amalgamation of organizational processes and human interactions has given rise to phenomenon known as organizational behavior which enfolds multifaceted dimensions and paths to be explored. This study attempts to investigate a few of these directional paths in order to identify the behavioral patterns and prototypes that exist in organizations. Objective of the study is to investigate a vital employee performance pattern "organizational citizenship behavior" (OCB) by analyzing the impact of organizational culture and social influence alongwith mediational effect of interactional justice. This study aims to explore how organizations may develop the phenomena of "extra effort" among its employees and how it can be beneficial for organizational prosperity and growth. Data of 550 respondents from various banks was collected by using self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed through rigorous statistical technique to explore the nature of relationship among variables by examining construct validity and normality. To identify the extent of effects variables cast upon each other, the technique of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied through AMOS 20 yielding interesting insights about association among variables. The research findings have provided support to conceptual framework showing both direct and indirect relationships among the variables thus endowing with quantitative model and insights. The study carries both academic and managerial implications, future direction and recommendations that can provide base for future studies.