Performance of Mansabdari System under the Successors of Emperor Jalal-Ud-Din Muhammad Akbar

The aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of mansabdari system under the successors of Emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar. The paper is focused on the mansabdari system which was developed and strengthened during the reign of Akbar. It can be argued that the mansabdari was an integrated system of efficient and loyal servants on the disposal of Akbar for the large expansion of his empire. The successors of Akbar tried to capture the spirit of Akbar’s age and reign in all respects but without much success. The system remained intact with central authority during Akbar’s days. The paper indicates that after the death of Akbar, the mansabdars started defying the authority of governors as well as the successors of Akbar. In this research attempt the performance of mansabdari system under the successors of Akbar i.e. Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb will be analyzed.

Species Diversity of Mosquitoes and Their Spatio-Temporal Distribution in Pothwar Region, Punjab, Pakistan

Mosquitoes are the most deadly animals found on earth. These are well known to be the vectors of lethal diseases. The family Culicidae (Diptera) comprises of 3515 species and 112 genera. As they spread many diseases in humans, so it is a dire need to explore them, to be well aware of the vectors before epidemics occur. The main objectives of the study were, exploration of the mosquito fauna of Pothwar region, pictorial key of the mosquito fauna of Pothwar, determination of the spatio temporal distribution of different mosquito species in Pothwar region and studying the egg laying color preference of mosquitoes. This study was done during the year 2014-17 in Pothwar region, Punjab, Pakistan. Specified sampling habitats were visited throughout the year to determine spatio-temporal distribution and to explore the mosquitoes in this region. Oviposition color preference was studied in laboratory and field conditions by using colored ovitraps. Twenty eight mosquito species have been discovered from the Pothwar Region, Punjab, Pakistan belonging to five genera. Eight species out of twenty eight were belonging to genus Anopheles, twelve species to genus Culex, three species belonging to genus Lutzia, three species belonging to genus Aedes and two species belonging to genus Armigeres. Six species were newly reported from Pakistan, includingLutzia (Metalutzia) vorax Edwards,1921, Culex (Barraudius) modestus Ficalbi, 1890, Culex (Eumelanomyia) tenuipalpis Barraud, 1924, Culex (Eumelanomyia) pluvialis Barraud,1924, Culex (Lophoceraomyia) seniori Barraud, 1934 and Armigeres (Armigeres) kuchingensis Edwards, 1915. In the present study, Anopheles spp. were found through March-November. The highest population was observed during May, while the lowest was observed during March. Culex vishnui and Culex theileri were observed in all the surveyed habitats, Culex vagans was present in all the habitats, except stream, while Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti were found from all the habitats, except animal sheds. Anopheles maculates, Anopheles theobaldi and Culex seniori were reported from two habitats only. All the species, including Aedes albopictus, Anopheles annularis, Armigeres kuchingensis, Culex vagans and Lutzia raptor followed the same trend of color preference for oviposition in laboratory as well as in field conditions except the Lutzia raptor, which have a unique color preference. Black and red color ovitraps were highly preferred for oviposition, while the least preferred ovitraps were blue. The habitat and seasonal information for Pothwar region are the basis to initiate preventive and control measures against any epidemic (Dengue, Zika Virus, Malaria, Elephentiasis, Yellow fever), if occurs in this region. The information about oviposition behavior can be helpful in forming trap for mosquitoes.