قول ِمحال:(Paradox)
"ایسا تضادی بیان جو مسلمہ تصور کے برعکس ہو، پیراڈاکس کہلاتا ہے۔"
لیکن قولِ محال محض تضاد نہیں بلکہ قولِ محال جہاں شروع ہوا ہے، وہاں تضاد ختم ہونے لگتا ہے۔ تضاد تو ایک عمومی حقیقت ہے جس کے فنی بیان میں دلکشی تو ہے، صنعت کاری کا جمالِ فریب نہیں۔ اسے اتحادِ ضدین بھی کہہ سکتے ہیں۔
"پیراڈاکس’’ انیسویں صدی کی جدید صنعتِ بیان ہے جو ایک نوع کی ذہنی ورزش ہے۔نثر و نظم میں قولِ محال پیدا کرنا اور اس سے حِظ یاب ہونا، ترقی یافتہ ذہن کا کام ہے۔یہ انگریزی ادب سے ہمارے ہاں آیا۔انگریزی ادب میں آسکر وائلڈ، چسٹرٹن اور برنارڈ شا اس کے نقیب ہیں۔اردو شاعری میں قولِ محال کی مثالیں دیکھیے:
ہم نے جس شخص کو توقیرِ شناسائی دی
اس نے خوش ہوکے ہمیں عزتِ رسوائی دی
(دوسرے مصرعہ میں قولِ محال "عزتِ رسوائی"ہے)
جہلِ خرد نے دن یہ دکھائے!
گھٹ گئے انساں، بڑھ گئے سائے
(پہلے مصرعہ میں قولِ محال "جہلِ خرد’’ ہے)
(پروفیسر انور جمال کی تصنیف "ادبی اصطلاحات’’ مطبوعہ نیشنل بْک فاؤنڈیشن، اشاعتِ چہارم، مارچ 2017ئ ، صفحہ نمبر 144 سے انتخاب)
ابہام:(Ambiguity)
ابہام ایک انگریزی اصطلاح ہے جسے اردو ادب میں بھی استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ابہام کی صورت حال اس وقت رونما ہوتی ہے جب کسی لفظ، محاورے، جملے، اشارے وغیرہ کی ایسی ترسیل کی جائے کہ اس سے ایک کی بجائے کئی معانی اور مطالب ممکن ہوں۔ ابہام کا ایک عام پہلو عدم تعین ہے۔ یہ ہر خیال یا بیان کا خاصہ ہے جس کے ارادی معانی قطعی طور کسی اصول یا طریق? کار کی روشنی میں سلجھائے نہیں جا سکتے جس میں مقررہ اقدامات شامل ہوں۔
ابہام کی مثالیں:
کئی الفاظ جن کا عام طور سے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، مختلف لوگوں کے لیے مختلف معانی کے حامل ہوتے ہیں۔ مثلًا لمبا یا...
Local farming is, indeed, the most important sector of agriculture through which farmers grow food. However, owing to their weak financial conditions, they are not able to get maximum benefits from their labours for most of the times. The case of Pakistani farmers, particularly in rural areas of KP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), is not different in this connection. They frequently resort to formal and informal sources of financing to accomplish their basic agricultural requirements: both crops and non-crops inclusive. However, all these sources advance financing facility on interest basis. Being typical Muslims, such agricultural credit is, therefore, avoided by these farmers and, as a result, they always endure on their financial grounds. In such situations, some substitute arrangements are recommended to reciprocate with their problems. This alternative is offered by Sharī‘ah through various commercial transactions – among which participatory based transaction i.e. Mushārakah is the most suitable and important one. In the present work, various models are proposed on the basis of such transaction to fulfill various agricultural requirements of farmers, living in rural areas of KP. In addition, such models are structured in the light of basic theory, available in the classical literature of Islamic law, in order to make them more Sharī‘ah based rather Sharī‘ah compliant. The proposed models are then, at the second stage, tested at ground level to strengthen further their viability for all stake holders. Findings show that all agricultural requirements, particularly heavy machinery and transport, can be realized through such models provided if they are applied in their true spirit. Moreover, content analysis and focused group technique of qualitative research have been used, as a research methodology, for the investigation of the issue in the present work.
Pakistan is an agricultural country. Agriculture is the mainstay of the country’s economy. Wheat as a staple food crop of Pakistan is grown on about 8 million hectares every year. It is a Rabi (winter) crop and follows by rice and cotton in rice-wheat and cotton-wheat systems, respectively. Pakistan’s population is increasing at an alarming pace and it has reached to about 170 million already. It is, therefore, imperative to enhance wheat yield by encouraging farmers, predominantly small farmers, to grow more wheat with efficient and judicious use of land and water resources. Land and water resources especially for agricultural purposes are getting scarce day by day due to mismanagement. This water deficient scenario is also posing serious threats to food security for coming generations. A shift in the irrigation techniques intervening flooded irrigation methods for efficient utilization of resources are being recommended and same has been actively adopted in many areas of the Pakistan. The irrigation water saving technologies mainly include Watercourse Improvement, Improved farm layout, Laser land leveling and bed planting of wheat. The techniques adopted in the Punjab have shown encouraging results. To see the adoption of latest technologies at small farms, district Faisalabad was selected as study area, which consists of five Tehsils; Faisalabad, Jaranwala, Sammandri, Chak Jhumra and Tandlianwala. To see implications of the water saving irrigation interventions a tehsile wise list of improved watercourses was collected from the office of the District Officer, Water Management Faisalabad. A list of 25 watercourses was separately prepared duly authenticated by water management officer, where maximum water saving interventions were applied. Ten improved watercourses where maximum (5 or 6 out of 10 water saving irrigation interventions)were found applied, were selected by using Randomizer.com pathway from each Tehsil, thus total 30 improved watercourses were taken where maximum water saving irrigation interventions were applied. From these 30 watercourses 9 small farmers (having landholding<12.5 acres) were selected randomly from each watercouse, 3 from Head, Middle and Tail, respectively. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations and rank orders were used to summarize different variables. Chi-square, Contingency Coefficient test was also used to find out the association and degree of association between dependent and independent variables. The adoption level of farmers regarding water saving irrigation was 90%and increase in wheat yield was significantly affected. Overall the results of the data show that adoption of the water saving interventions affected the income of the respondents. Furthermore the adoption of water saving interventions as well as wheat sowing recommendations also affected upon the socio economic conditions of the respondents. There also existed significant association among different independent and dependent attributes.