شاہ اقبال احمد ردولوی
افسوس ہے کہ ۱۴؍ مئی ۲۰۰۴ء کو شاہ اقبال احمد ردولوی کا انتقال ہوگیا، اِناﷲ وَاِنا اِلَیہ رَاجِعُون۔ دارالمصنفین کے سابق ناظم مولانا شاہ معین الدین احمد ندوی کا وطن بھی ردولی تھا، وہ وہاں کے شرفا کے ادبی ذوق، تہذیبی شائستگی اور نفاست کا ذکر برابر کرتے تھے، اس سے ردولی کے خاص معیار، رکھ رکھاؤ اور وہاں کے لوگوں کی شرافت، وضعداری اور خوش مذاقی کا نقش دل پر ثبت ہوگیا تھا۔
شاہ معین الدین احمد صاحب معارف میں کبھی کبھی اقبال صاحب کا کلام شائع کرتے تھے، ادہر پھر ان کا کلام معارف میں چھپتا تھا اور جب تک قومی آواز لکھنو بند نہیں ہوا تھا، اس کے سنڈے اڈیشن میں بھی ان کا کلام نظر سے گزرتا تھا، اس کی وجہ سے ان کے کمال فن کا اندازہ تھا اور گزشتہ ۱۵ برس سے ان سے برابر خط و کتابت رہتی تھی، دس بارہ برس پہلے مجھے عرق النسا کا عارضہ ہوا، لوگوں سے ان کی ’’فقیری دوا‘‘ کی اطلاع ملی تو پروفیسر علی حماد عباسی مرحوم سابق پرنسپل شبلی نیشنل پوسٹ گریجویٹ کالج اعظم گڑھ میرا خط لے کر ان کی خدمت میں حاضر ہوئے اور دوا لے آئے، اس کے بعد شہر کے متعدد لوگوں نے مجھ سے خطوط لکھواکر ان سے دوا منگوائی، میں خط کے پتے پر اگر ان کا نام شاہ اقبال احمد لکھ دیتا تو وہ آزردہ ہوکر مجھے لکھتے کہ میرا ادبی نام اقبال ردولوی ہے، یہی نام پتے اور معارف میں ہونا چاہئے لیکن ان کا اصل نام شاہ اقبال احمد صابری قدوسی تھا اور ان کا خاندانی تعلق حضرت شیخ عبدالقدوس گنگوہیؒ سے تھا، ددھیال کلیر شریف میں تھا اور اس کے سجادہ نشین شاہ عبدالرحیم صاحب ان کے دادا تھے، ننھیال ردولی میں تھا جس کے سجادہ نشین حیات...
Nation-building is an evolutionary socio-political process. It not only provides security, dignity and ownership to a community, but also ensures democratic participation of people within the state to claim rights and perform duties. It enables a state to defend its sovereignty, achieve economic goals, and protect national interests at regional and global levels. Since 9/11 incident, terrorism has become a global challenge. To counter this menace Pakistan also aligned and provided land routes to foreign forces to get access to a landlocked Afghanistan. Across the Pak-Afghan border, through the tribal belt known as FATA, terrorism has spilled over Pakistan. The exclusive status of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), in the past seventy years of Pakistan’s history, had deprived fundamental rights to the people of FATA. These tribal areas were governed by a separate law known as Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR) made by the British in 1901. This law has proved as the main obstacle in bringing FATA in to the mainstream of Pakistan. After examining the historical and geographical aspects of FATA, the article shows how FATA remained outside the nation-building process in Pakistan. In this connection it seeks to see the position of FATA in the constitutions of Pakistan, including state initiatives to own this western belt and obstacles faced in merging FATA with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). It narrates the events that led to the merger of FATA with the KPK and high lights future challenges as well. It recommends that FATA’s merger would help establish a strong line of defence against terrorism. ______
This study investigates the “effects of cable television on the life patterns of women in Lahore, Pakistan” through survey using interviews’ schedule as a tool of data collection. It targeted 432 women aged 18-40 years and viewing cable television for a minimum two years. The study recorded the respondent’s consumption patterns, level of viewing, preferred channels and programs, favorite watching time, control over remote and restrictions on viewing. It crossed checked the above factors with the level of viewing alongwith demographic characteristics of the respondents. The major hypothesis studied was “greater the exposure to cable television greater the impact on the lives of women.” The sub-hypothesis included ‘heavy viewers have greater effect on their activities, family and social interaction patterns, cultural practices, domestic and personal expenditure, and they are more influenced by the television characters especially depicting western and urban Indian women than the moderate and light viewers. The data was analyzed through univariate and bivariate statistical procedures and the results are presented in two categories: i.e. general and major findings of hypothesis testing. The general findings revealed that the majority of respondents were aged 31 to 40 years, belonged to the middle and upper middle class, were graduates but unemployed, and were heavy viewers. Majority respondents had cable connection for the last two years, indicating increasing popularity of cable television in Lahore, also making it the main source of entertainment. There is no link between demographic characteristics and consumption patterns. However, the respondents complained that men had more rights to watch cable television than women. The statistical test chi-square was applied for testing the hypothesis, confirming that ‘greater the exposure to cable television greater the effect on the lives of women’. It confirmed that heavy viewing affected household and other activities of the women like newspaper reading, going to cinema, the meals cooking and serving schedule, their domestic or personal expenditure and interaction with friends or and relatives. They were prone to accepting the role, culture and lifestyle of western and Indian women watched on the cable channels. The study also identified a few areas for future researchers and made recommendations towards their improvement.