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International trade barriers of major economies and their remedies

Thesis Info

Author

Mohammad Asim

Supervisor

Zaheer Abbas

Department

Department of Finance

Program

MBA

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

65

Subject

Finance

Language

English

Other

MA/MSC 382.3 MOI

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676722244845

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سوگ کا ماحول

سوگ کا ماحول

چار اپریل کا وہ دن مجھے آج بھی اچھی طرح یاد ہے ۔کراچی میں ٹیپو سلطان روڈ پر واقع گھر کے باہر کھڑا تھا جب گلی گلی بٹنے والے خصوصی ضمیمے کی ایک کاپی میرے بھی ہاتھ آ گئی ۔اس لیے بھاگا بھاگا اندر دوڑا اور لا کر والد صاحب کے سامنے پیش کیا ۔انہوں نے ضمیمہ ہاتھ میں لیا ۔سرخی پر نظر پڑتے ہی جیسے سکتے میں آ گئے ۔آنکھیں جھپکنا بند ہو گئیں اور وہ بس اخبار کو تکتے رہے ۔کئی لمحے ایسے ہی گزر گئے میں نے انہیں ذرا ہلا کر پو چھا ۔’’آپ ٹھیک ہیں ‘‘انھوں نے گھور کر میری طرف دیکھا ۔ اس لمحے مجھے ان کی آنکھوں میں بہت غصہ نظر آ یا ۔جو جلد ہی گہرے صدمے میں بدل گیا ۔

ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی پھانسی پر ہمارے گھر میں سوگ کا ماحول تھا اور ملک کے طول و عرض میں گہرا خوف ۔کسی کو یقین نہیں آ رہا تھا جنرل ضیاء اس حد تک جا سکتے ہیں ۔لیکن شاید ضیاء نے اپنی بقا کے لیے رحم کی تمام اپیلیں مسترد کر کے بھٹو کو تختہ ٔ دار پر لٹکا نا ناگزیر سمجھا ۔

ضیاء کے مارشل لا کی مخالفت کر نے والوں کے خلاف پہلے سے کریک ڈائون جاری تھا ۔ہر طرف ملٹری حکام کے ہاتھوں سیاسی کارکنوں کی پکڑ دھکڑ جاری تھی ۔خیر پور میں ہمارے گھروں پر فوجیوں نے چادر و چار دیواری کا تقدس پامال کرتے ہوئے چڑھائیاں کیں ۔خاندان کے کچھ مرد ادھر ادھر چھپ گئے لیکن دادا اور والد صاحب کو فوجیوں نے ہتھکڑیاں لگا کر پہلے تھا نے اور پھر جیل میں ڈال دیا ۔ایسے میں جیے بھٹو کا نعرہ فوجی آمریت کی مزاحمت بن گیا ۔ضیا اور اس کے ساتھی...

معالم السنن میں امام خطابی كا منہج و اسلوب

The status of Ma'Iim-us-Sunan is very high in explanations of Sunan Abu Dawood because it is considered first an explanation of Sunan Abu Dawood. Imam Khattabi has adopted such a fine method in it that with the literal explanation of words and description of jurisprudential commandments, he has also collected in it sayings ofSalaf-us-Saalih, Arabian proverbs, different opinions of various scholars, grammatical rules and Jarh-o-ta'deel etc. To add, he, as a specially, Ahadith and quotations ofSahabah and scholars, has made provision to describe his chain of narrators. Due to this, the book has adopted the basic primary status of Hadith knowledge. And further, because of these chains of narrators, this book has adopted the form of reference source in matters of teachers' identification of Imam Khattabi. Due to all these qualities undoubtedly the way this book was a need of scholars and researchers of every era, in the same way, scholars can never be exempted from this today.

Ion Beam Modification in Metallic Nitride Thin Films Deposited by Pld

Singly charged carbon (C+) ions irradiation effects on surface, structural, electrical as well as mechanical properties of metallic nitride films has been investigated. The thin metallic nitride films of Titanium Nitride (TiN), Zirconium Nitride (ZrN) and Chromium Nitride (CrN) were grown by using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique. All films were deposited by the ablation of pure metals of Ti, Zr and Cr targets in reactive nitrogen atmosphere. Nd:YAG (532 nm, 140 mJ, 6 ns, 10 Hz) laser beam was employed as source of irradiation for PLD. The optimization of deposition parameters especially the nitrogen gas pressure and substrate temperature for the growth of good crystalline metallic nitride films has been performed. In order to study the effect of singly charged carbon (C+) ions irradiation on deposited films, they were exposed to ions of different energies of 1 MeV and 2 MeV at different doses ranging from 0.4×1014 to 1.8×1015 ions/cm2. The surface topography and structural properties of as deposited and ion irradiated films were investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) respectively. A four point probe setup was used to investigate electrical behavior of ion irradiated thin films. The variations in surface hardness by ion irradiation were examined using Vickers microhardness tester. For 2 MeV carbon ion irradiation, nanohillocks are formed on both TiN and ZrN films. Whereas, for CrN films, island like structures with perturbed surface morphology are formed. The exposure of TiN films with 1 MeV carbon ions is also responsible for the growth of nanohillocks. It is revealed that the density of nanohillocks strongly depends upon irradiation dose and increases with increasing the ion dose up to certain critical value. Beyond that critical value, the hillocks density decreases and hillocks size increases. It implies that the growth of nanoscale structures is strongly dependent upon the nature (TiN, ZrN, CrN) of nitride films as well as energy and dose of ions. The formation of nanohillocks is explainable on the basis of thermal spike model and is attributed to the localized energy deposition of incident ions that leads to abrupt temperature rise. If temperature rise is higher than the melting temperature of the film, it generates thermal spikes which lead to mechanical stresses by thermal expansion and are responsible for the emergence of nanohiloocks. Structural analysis by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) reveals that ion irradiation produces considerable modifications in structural parameters like lattice constant, crystallite size, dislocation density, strain and residual stresses. Initially an increase in ions dose improves the crystallinity of films up to certain range and then beyond this limit, the crystallinity decreases and causes amorphization. The new carbide phases of TiC and ZrC are also formed due to carbon ion implantation. Four point probe analysis of ion-irradiated films shows the variation in electrical resistivity with ion dose. The modifications in electrical behavior are well correlated with the ion induced modifications in crystallinity as well as phase transformations. The microhardness measurements shows that, ion irradiations significantly changes the surface microhardness of metallic nitride films. The modification in surface microhardness depends upon, ion produced structural modifications especially the variation in crystallite size, formation of new carbide phases and ion induced defects generation. However, more pronounced increase in surface microhardness has been observed for that energy and doses which are suitable to generate harder carbide phases. The carbon ion irradiation is found to be suitable for surface nanostructuding of metallic nitride films and formation of harder carbide phases. The nanostructured metallic nitride electrode is the requirement of electrochemical capacitors and lithium ion batteries to improve their performance. In addition the carbon ion induced formation of carbide phases in metallic nitride films improves their mechanical properties, which is important in the fields of hard and wear resistive industrial coating applications.