Admissibility of a Video As Evidence in a Court: its Presentation and Probative Value

To general public, all videos are perceived to be true, but they may not have probative value in the Court of law. The undertaken article analyzes the admissibility and probative value of a video presented as evidence before a court in the Criminal Justice System of Pakistan (CJSP). It analyzes the relevant law and diagnoses the problems with the video evidence through the lens of the judgments of Superior Courts. The court of law objectively ascertains that a video presented as evidentiary means bears significant relevance to the fact in question. It must be admissible under the law, and it must be proved to be genuine. To fill up the gap between a “Video” and a “Video Evidence”, there is a process, which is known as video authentication. It determines that the video contents are genuine, authentic, credible, unaltered, untampered and unfabricated. The study discusses various modes of video authentication. Precedents set by superior courts of Pakistan show that convictions have been made once the courts are satisfied with the credibility of video evidence. In the court of law, video evidence is normally presented after the completion of prosecution evidence. The video is played in court and is watched by the presence. But the researcher establishes that such process does not have legal justification. The article suggests that it would be legal and proper for the prosecution to produce the video evidence through the witness, during his evidence, who is either victim, witness, recorded and/or copied the video directly from original source such as C.C.T.V system and that witness would be subjected to cross examination.

Impact of Organizational Learning on Perceived Small & Medium Enterprises SMES Performance with Moderation of Leadership Role

The concept of organizational learning is area of attention for academicians and practitioners because of its potential to sustain the organization performance while the SMEs are an emerging business structures in Pakistan. The organizational learning contributes significantly in the value of performance of corporate and as well to small business structures. The empirical purpose of this study was to investigate impact of organizational learning on perceived SMEs performance and further with moderation of leadership role. The theoretical consideration was empirically tested through research design of cross-sectional, non-contrived and IT base industry of SMEs. The survey was conducted for collection of inductive data and 129 respondents were valid and considered for analysis. The statistical tests were applied for empirical investigation and results reveal that; there is significant contribution of organizational learning in perceived SMEs performance and each dimension of organizational learning is also significant predictor of perceived SMEs performance while shared vision has higher rank among system thinking, personal mastery, mental model and team learning. The further results depict that leadership role is not significant moderator in relationship of organizational learning and perceived SMEs performance however team leadership may moderate this relationship which is also recommended for future research in IT base SMEs which configuring the organizational learning and performance.