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Genetic characterization of trail and DR4 genes associated with head and neck cancer in Pakistani population

Thesis Info

Author

Rabia Sarwar

Supervisor

Shaheen Shahzad; Muhammad Ismail

Department

Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

68

Subject

Bioinformatics & Biotechnology

Language

English

Other

MS 616.993 RAG

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676722276222

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الفهارس

الفهارس
الفهارس أ‌
كلمة المُراجع (التقريظ) ج‌
التقريظ (2) خ‌
كلمة الشكر و التقدیر ذ‌
المقدمة ص‌
تمهيد ق‌
الباب الأول: المقارنة بین عصر نازك الملائكة وعصر 1
الفصل الأول: ما هو الأدب المقارن ؟ 3
المبحث الأول: بداية الشعر الحر 5
المبحث الثاني: حقيقة الشعر الحر 6
المبحث الثالث:هل الشعر الحر نوعٌ من النثر؟ 7
المبحث الرابع:بعض شعراء العصر الجديد 8
المبحث الخامس: إتفاق الشعراء حول نازك الملائكة 13
الفصل الثانی: الشعر الجديد في شبة القارۃ الهندية 16
المبحث الأول: الأدب النسائي 18
المبحث الثاني: الشاعرات الباکستانيات في اللغات الباكستانية المختلفة 21
المبحث الثالث: الأدب النسائي في اللغة الأردية 23
المبحث الرابع: أهم الشاعرات في اللغة الأردية بعد قيام باكستان 24
المبحث الخامس الأدب النسائي والعهد الحاضر 27
المبحث السادس: الغزل وبروين شاکر 29
النتائج 31
الباب الثاني: الشاعرۃ نازك الملائکۃ 33
الفصل الأول: نازک الملائكة رائدة الشعر العربي الحُر الشاعرۃ الحزينة 35
المبحث الأول: مولدها ونشأتها 35
المبحث الثاني: سبب تسميتها بنازك الملائكة 36
المبحث الثالث: ثقافتها 37
المبحث الرابع: تعليمها 38
المبحث الخامس: زواجها 39
المبحث السادس: مرضها ووفاتها 40
الفصل الثانی: أسلوب نازك الملائكة وأهم دواوينها 41
المبحث الأول: ممیزات أشعار نازك الملائکۃ 41
المبحث الثاني: مأساۃ الحياۃ وأغنية للإنسان 42
المبحث الثالث: أهم مؤلفاتها 45
المبحث الرابع: دواوين نازك الملائكة بالترتيب 47
المبحث الخامس: بدايةالنظم عند نازك الملائكة 51
المبحث السادس: تعريف الشعر الحر وإلیٰ من تنتسب ريادة الشعر الحر؟ 53
المبحث السابع:قصيدة بديع حقي 54
النتائج 56
الباب الثالث: الشاعرة المعروفة بروين شاکر 57
الفصل الأول: بروين شاکر من أعظم الشاعرات في الباکستان 59
المبحث الأول: أصلها ونسبها 59
المبحث الثاني: زواجها 62
المبحث الثالث: طلاقها 64
المبحث الرابع: شعرها 66
المبحث الخامس: شخصيتها 67
المبحث السادس: وفاتها 68
الفصل الثاني: دواوينها...

Social Media and Cyber-Jihad in Pakistan

The Internet and social media are part of today’s battlefield between the forces of liberalism and those of extremism, at least in Pakistan. Both forces are jostling for using—and controlling—the Internet and social media to make themselves heard and silence the opposition. This paper looks into how extremist forces appropriate the Internet and social media to get their message out, sway public opinion in their favor and seek new recruits. It also examines the potentials of social media for civic activism in Pakistan and how the misuse of blasphemy laws in Pakistan’s constitution stifles liberal voices on the Internet and social media. This paper discusses the concept of blasphemy in Islam, their incorporation in the legal system of Pakistan and their impact on the freedom of expression. This paper concludes that an effective use of social media is contingent on at least three things: 1) Literacy 2) access to the Internet and social media tools and 3) media laws and policies that guarantee freedom of expression and access to information. These are essential for the creation of a vibrant public sphere, which can then be strengthened by using social media as a long-term tool. Without freedom of expression, liberal forces cannot make full use of social media for promoting democracy and rights of minority groups.

Floral Diversity of Medicinal Plant Usage Against Some Prevalent Diseases Among the Communities of Northern Pakistan.

This is the first report study on ethnobotanical documentation in Northern Pakistan about the usage of medicinal plants for treatment of prevalent diseases including musculoskeletal disorders, hypertension, skin diseases and glottis disorders. The main aim was to document the indigenous knowledge of the local people about the utilization of medicinal flora. In total of 630 informants were interviewed in order to document comprehensive ethnomedicinal information. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices, i.e., use value (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), family Importance value (FIV), fidelity level (FL) and Jaccard index (JI) were calculated for the reported medicinal plants. A total of 498 medicinal plants, 450 genera, belonging to 85 families were documented. For Musculoskeletal disorders, 131 species belonging to 71 families were reported with their traditional medicinal uses. The most dominant life form was herb (69%), decoction was preferred method of utilization (43 species) and leaves were the most used plant part (57 species). The most used family was Asteraceae (11 species). Highest used category was recorded for rheumatism (63 species) and the most used species were Bistorta affinis(D. Don) Green, Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. and Colchicum luteum Baker. RFC ranged from 0.098 to 0.586, Urtica dioica L. with highest DCI (0.68) and Fabaceae was dominant family in terms of FIV (86.8%). In this study documented data was compared with 25 previous national and international published articles in order to find out some novel plant species in terms of new ethnomedicinal uses. For Hypertension, total of 164 plant species, belonging to 69 were reported. Asteraceae (23 plant species) was dominant family. The most dominant life form reported was herb (58%), preferred method of utilization was decoction (57 species) and the most used plant part was leaves (89 species). Highest FIV was recorded for Lamiaceae (327). The quantitative analysis showed RFC ranged from 0.08-1.08 and DCI from 0.233-0.000. The highest Fidelity level of plants recorded for Bauhinia variegata L. (FL=86.11). In addition to this the documented data was compared with 31 previous national and international published papers in order to obtain some novel ethnomedicinal uses. For skin diseases 106 plant species belonging to 56 families were documented. Asteraceae (14 species) was dominant family. The most dominant life form reported was herb (62%), the preferred method of utilization powder (23 species), and the most used plant part was leaves (63 species). Wound healing (43 species) is dominant disease category. The quantitative analysis showed RFC ranged from 0.07 to 0.25%. Highest use-value was reported for Psidium guajava L. (0.143 UV). Highest FIV was recorded for Pteridaceae (26.6%). In this study FL values ranged from 36.8 to 100% and the use for skin disorders was reported for the first time for 88% of the plant species. The reported data was also compared with 50 previous national and international published papers in order to obtain some novel ethnomedicinal uses. For glottis disorders 97 medicinal plant species belonging to 51 families were reported. Lamiaceae (10 species) was found as most cited family with highest FIV (62.1%). Leaves were the most frequently used plant parts (44%) followed by fruits (11%). Frequently used growth forms of medicinal plants was herb (65%) followed by trees (19%). The herbal preparations were mostly in the form of unprocessed dried/fresh, decoction (52%) and powder (12%) and were usually taken orally. Cough (73 species) was most treated diseases category. RFC value ranges from 0.268 - 0.049. Euphorbia hirta L. and Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (0.22) showed the highest use vale while least UV was reported for Malva sylvestris L., and Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (0.01). Lamiaceae was the most dominant family (62.163 %). Similarly Tagetes erecta L., Aloe vera Linn., Adiantum capillus-veneris L., and Anisomeles indica L. were identified as plants with high fidelity level (FL = 94.4%). In addition to this the data was compared with 33 national and international published articles. The study provides comprehensive and useful information about traditional uses of medicinal plants used by local communities for the treatment of Musculoskeletal, Hypertension, Skin and Glottis disorders in Northern Pakistan. This project gives baseline data on indigenous knowledge in Northern Pakistan to promote local health conditions, save it for upcoming generations as well as for potential drug discovery development. In future this reported ethnopharmacological data should be used as interdisciplinary field of research in providing primary data and scientific nexus with advance research project regarding pharmacological applications as well as in advanced field of pharmaceuticals and new drug discovery development.