حضرت مولانا حسین احمد مدنی
شیخ الہند حضرت مولانا حسین احمد صاحب مدنی کی وفات ملک و ملت کا اتنا بڑا حادثہ ہے کہ اس پر اظہار غم سے قلم قاصر ہے، یہ تنہا ایک شخص کی موت نہیں بلکہ صحیح معنوں میں موت العالم، موت العالم ہے۔
وما کان قیس ھلکہ ھلک واحد لکنہ بنیان قومہ تھدما
علم و عمل، دین و تقویٰ، سلوک و تصوف، ارشاد و ہدایت، جہاد و جانبازی، خلق عظیم و لطف عمیم، کس کس چیز کا ماتم کیا جائے وہ اس دور میں سلف صالحین کا نمونہ اور اسلام کی مجسم تصویر تھے، ان کی ایک ایک ادا سے اسوۂ صحابہ آشکار تھا، دین کے متفرق جلوے اس دور کے اور بھی صلحاء و اخیاء میں ہوں گے، مگر ان کی ذات آنچہ خوباں ہمہ دارند توتنہا داری کی مصداق تھی اور ان پر اس جامعیت کا خاتمہ ہوگیا، وہ سراپا عمل، سراپا جہاد اور ہمارے پرانے کاروان ملت کے آخری مسافر تھے، ان پر اس سلسلۃ الذہب کی خصوصیات ختم ہوگئیں، جس کا آغاز خاندان دلی اﷲٰی سے ہوا تھا، اس نازک دور میں ایسی ہستیوں کا اٹھ جانا ملک و ملت کی بڑی بدنصیبی اور اسلام کی غربت و بے کسی کی نشانی ہے، ایسے نفوس قدسیہ مدتوں میں پیدا ہوتے ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس مجاہد جلیل کو عالم آخرت کی سربلندی سے سرفراز فرمائے اورشہداء و صدیقین کا رفیق بنائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۵۸ء)
Erick Hobsbawm (d.2012) was a Marxist historian, a professor of history at Birkbeck College, University of London, where he taught till the end of his life. Birkbeck is an evening college where most of the students belong to the working class and continue with studies to improve their educational qualifications. Conscious of the condition of students who attended his lectures after a hard day of physical labour, he devised lectures on the history of Europe to create emancipatory thought. His four books use history as a tool to comprehend present-day Europe. They are titled The Age of Capital, The Age of Industrial Revolution, The Age of Revolution and The Age of Extreme. Besides these four books, he has published a number of papers and essays that attempt to build a new historical consciousness. There are other progressive historians besides Hobsbawm who believe that history can be liberating if it is not written in the service of the rulers of the time. It is also not a static and depressing account of the past but is dynamic and constantly changing. While history tells the story of unjust rulers and the institutions they created, it also reveals how the rulers and their unjust institutions meet their end. The reign of absolute kingship where the king was considered the Viceregal God, brutal military dictatorships, and exploitative economic systems that lasted for centuries with the aim of torturing and subduing the common working people were all destroyed over time, especially when people joined forces and resisted them to gradually establish a just order.
Groundnut is an important cash crop of Pothwar region (Attock and Chakwal districts) of Pakistan. This crop faces iron deficiency in the region due to calcareousness of soils. Iron is ranked fourth abundant element comprising 5% of the crust of earth. However due to high pH (7.5-8.5) of soils; iron availability to the plants is limited, as a 44result groundnut yield is significantly decreased. Development of tolerant genotypes under iron limitation is the widely acceptable strategy practiced all over the world. This study was planned to identify locally grown groundnut genotypes tolerant to iron deficiency, and to investigate chemical amendments for mitigation of iron deficiency. To achieve the objectives hydroponics and pot experiments were performed in triplicate in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) under iron sufficient and iron deficient conditions at National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. Seeds were obtained from BARI (Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal) and NARC, Islamabad. Amongst all tested genotypes, BARI-2000 performed well in soils as well as in hydroponics under iron limited conditions, whereas BARD-699 was found susceptible to iron deficient conditions with iron deficiency tolerance indexes of 56% and 36% respectively. The data were further supported by iron reducing capacity of both genotypes. Iron reducing capacity of BARI-2000 was the highest 4 days after iron deficiency stress (15.3 μmol per g 2 h fresh weight of plants) as compared to other genotypes, while BARD-699 showed significantly low iron reducing capacity (5.8 μmol per g 2 h fresh weight of plants). For amelioration of iron deficiency in BARI-2000 and BARD-699, various chemicals (Fe-EDTA, FeSO4, citric acid, sequestrene, and surfactant) were used. Several morpho-physiological parameters were recorded under various amendments. BARD-699 was more responsive to foliar applications, while BARI-2000 was found more responsive to Fe-EDTA. Foliar applications were found more effective in reducing iron chlorosis as compared to soil applications of chemical amendments. Molecular markers data showed genotypic similarities amongst genotypes. BARI-2000 was related to 96CG005 and both the genotypes were tolerant to iron deficiency. Four varieties viz., Banki, BARI-2000, BARD-699 and Chakori were used to study the expression levels of eight genes (AhIRT1, AhFRO1, AhNRAMP1, AhYSL1, AhYSL3, AhYSL4, AhYSL6 and AhFER3) involved in uptake and translocation of iron under iron limited conditions through real time PCR analysis. BARI-2000 and Chakori were closely related based on gene expression and pot experiment data. Expression level of AhIRT1 was low in BARI-2000 and Chakori in roots under iron deficient conditions, whereas the same was higher in shoots. The tolerant genotypes can be used in hybridization programs for improving yield and iron deficiency tolerance in groundnut.