خواجہ عبدالرؤف عشرت لکھنوی
خواجہ عبدالروف عشرت، لکھنؤ داروغہ حیدربخش کی مسجد کے نیچے کتابوں کی ایک چھوٹی سی دوکان پر بیٹھا کرتے تھے، مگر خدا جانے کیا بات ہے یہ چھوٹی سے معمولی حیثیت کی دوکان نصف صدی تک لکھنؤ کے اہل علم و ادب کا مرکز بنی رہی، اور میں نے بھی چالیس برس اس چھوٹی سی دکان کو اسی طرح علم و ادب کے قدرشناسوں کا مرکز دیکھا، اس وقت جب لکھنؤ کا چوک بجلی اور گیس کی روشنیوں سے جگمگارہا تھا یہی دکان تھی جس پر پرانا مٹی کا چراغ جلا کرتا تھا، اور دنیا کو وضعداری کی روشنی دکھاتا تھا، افسوس کہ زبان و ادب کا یہ ٹمٹماتا ہوا چراغ بھی بجھ گیا۔
خواجہ صاحب گو خود غیر معمولی شاعر نہ تھے، مگر لکھنؤ کے بڑے بڑے شاعروں کی صحبت اٹھائے تھے، بحرؔ مرحوم کے شاگرد تھے، نظم سے زیادہ نثر لکھتے تھے اور لکھنؤ کی راجدھانی اور لکھنؤ کے جانعالم کی کہانی ان کا خاص موضوع تھا، لکھنوء کی بول چال اور محاوروں اور روزمرہ کو بخوبی برتتے تھے، نیک مزاج، وضعدار اور قناعت پسند تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت فرمائے۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی،جولائی ۱۹۴۰ء)
Constitution is the basic code of every state system. There are laws for state administration, discipline and rulers in constitution. There are some privileges for the rulers in the Pakistani constitution. Among the privileges that Pakistani rulers have, laws of exception, protocol and luxury packages or facilities are included. In Pakistani constitution, the rulers also enjoy these privileges and according to the rules and regulation of parliament and senate. Our Constitution does not provide Parliamentarians any specific immunity against criminal actions as has been granted to the President as well as the Prime Minster. The only specific protection enjoyed by a Minister/Prime Minister is for official actions under powers of their office. The right of lessen or amendment in Sharīʻah penalty of the President of Pakistan is not right according to the Islamic Sharīʻah. But he can utilize honorary rights in criminological penalty. The Governor has the authority to dissolve the Provincial Assembly under certain circumstances during the emergency situation. If the ruler uses the option of freedom of opinion with deception, dishonesty and contempt of court then he should also be answerable. Sometimes rulers misuse their privileges and even exceed their powers. Discretionary options of the rulers must be under public interests. Such privilege rules must be amended which reflect inequality between rulers and masses. It is necessary to put the honorary rights of rulers under logic and there must be a law of behold for the unlawful usage of authority, so that the bad utilization of these laws can be prevented. Such reserved rights must be amended which enhance the concept of un-equity between the rulers and public. For the better administration harmony among the public and administration is necessary. In this research paper we will analyze the concept and importance of privileges mentioned in the Constitution of Pakistan in the light of Islamic teachings.
Clothing is not only a need but also is an expression, a way of thinking and a desire.Apparel Manufacturing Industry has to face unlimited variety in clothing styles due to infinite desires.Increasingly fierce competition, fast changing customer demands, decreasing prices, increasing quality demand and reduction in lead time has enforced the apparel industry to select a production system that can face all the challenges.
Market competition, loss on price control and frequent changes in the fashion apparel manufacturers have to work with target costing system; so to increase the profit margin garment manufacturers are always in search of higher production speed for the purpose of increasing machine and labor utilization leading towards reduction in per unit cost.
In the current state of market competition, volatility of product styles and unavailability of control on the prices it is becoming a crying need of the apparel companies to design its production system and line layout in such a way that the highest productivity can be achieved without disturbing the quality level because an improper line management or improper sequence of stitching operations may lead towards under utilization of labor force.Invention of different production systems is the result of thirst of optimization by improving layout efficiency, best material handling method and facilitating the machine operator.
This research is going to search that how different stitching production systems in denim jeans industry satisfy productivity needs through minimizing the production time and increasing quality level and why different stitching production systems are implemented in the same market.In this study the researcher will examine the production management systems (Unit Production System and Progressive Bundle System) of denim jeans manufacturing industry in Pakistan.
This research is a case study research so two companies ?Master Textile Mills Ltd.? and ?Umer Siddiq Apparel & Textile (Pvt) Ltd.? are selected as unit of analysis.The research has analyzed the line layouts, cutting averages, Production Capacity, Operational Breakup, Defect Hundred per Unit (DHU), Line Production Efficiency, Operation wise Time Study and wages rates in the Unit Production System and Progressive Bundle System.
No Production System is best or worst and not it satisfy all the constraints of the real world but the alignment of a system with the companies goals, resources and management makes it good; and the proper management, design and control ensures to make Production System reliable.
The research work provides a guiding map for the production managers as performance evaluation methodology. The results also help in the selection of appropriate production system as per the goals of the company.